Innate immunity is a new branch of immunology, confirmed by three Nobel Prize winners in 2011. It is the first line of defense against pathogens and is in a way the preliminary step of adaptive immunity which occurs later, and only present in vertebrates.
Finally, Innate Immunity shows how the group directed by Jules Hoffmann found strong similarities between the innate immunity response of insects and mammals. The discovery of a receptor protein in Drosophila, which is also found in humans, was what led to Jules Hoffmann being awarded the Nobel Prize in 2011.
Presents the transformations experienced by the domains of innate immunity
Shows the lineage of these results
Bridges the gap between innate immunity of invertebrates and that of vertebrates
Frequently asked questions
Simply head over to the account section in settings and click on âCancel Subscriptionâ - itâs as simple as that. After you cancel, your membership will stay active for the remainder of the time youâve paid for. Learn more here.
At the moment all of our mobile-responsive ePub books are available to download via the app. Most of our PDFs are also available to download and we're working on making the final remaining ones downloadable now. Learn more here.
Both plans give you full access to the library and all of Perlegoâs features. The only differences are the price and subscription period: With the annual plan youâll save around 30% compared to 12 months on the monthly plan.
We are an online textbook subscription service, where you can get access to an entire online library for less than the price of a single book per month. With over 1 million books across 1000+ topics, weâve got you covered! Learn more here.
Look out for the read-aloud symbol on your next book to see if you can listen to it. The read-aloud tool reads text aloud for you, highlighting the text as it is being read. You can pause it, speed it up and slow it down. Learn more here.
Yes, you can access Innate Immunity by Yves Carton in PDF and/or ePUB format, as well as other popular books in Medicine & Immunology. We have over one million books available in our catalogue for you to explore.
Louis Pasteur (1822â1895) was the first scientist to pursue the nascent science of bacteriology of bacteriological science (i.e. the study of bacteria), with many of these cases the first reared attempts to isolate the origins of diseases. However, before totally devoting himself to contagion affecting animals (chicken cholera, sheep anthrax) and the process of contamination, as well as those affecting humans (rabies), Pasteur led an investigation into the causes of a disease that affected silkworm farms, particularly in southern France, and to provide a cure. This disease probably appeared as early as 1843, dividing silk production by four between 1855 and 1865.
Louis Pasteur (1822â1895) was the first scientist to pursue the nascent science of bacteriology of bacteriological science (i.e. the study of bacteria), with many of these cases the first reared attempts to isolate the origins of diseases. However, before totally devoting himself to contagion affecting animals (chicken cholera, sheep anthrax) and the process of contamination, as well as those affecting humans (rabies), Pasteur led an investigation into the causes of a disease that affected silkworm farms, particularly in southern France, and to provide a cure. This disease probably appeared as early as 1843, dividing silk production by four between 1855 and 18651.
This work, spread over five years (1865â1870), I would divert Pasteur from his innovative work on fermentations. However, this research would prove to be, for him, a real âbiologicalâ lesson of what he would also develop, concerning later notions â that were new for the time â of pathogens, infection, contagion and âhereditaryâ transmission.
In 1865, at the request of the French government, Pasteur took an interest in silkworm disease, with the obligation to travel to the territory concerned. In fact, he was approached by his former university mentor, Professor Jean Baptiste Dumas (1800â1884), a renowned chemist and former French Minister of Agriculture and Trade. At that time, he was a senator in the Gard, a French department in southern France where this disease was rampant: he wanted to find a cure for this disease and considered his former student to be the right man for the job. Pasteur was, at that time, a highly appreciated researcher, particularly for his work on fermentations, which he developed during his stay in Lille as Dean of the Faculty of Science at the new university. It is important to understand the nature of his discovery: contrary to the ideas of the time (supported in particular by the famous professor of the University of Giessen, J. von Liebig (1803â1873), who saw fermentation as a simple catalytic process caused by a ferment). Pasteur totally opposed this conception, recognizing that yeast had a fundamental role in fermentation. As a chemist, Pasteur discovered the presence of yeast using the new achromatic microscope: fermentation was indeed the work of living organisms. At the end of the century, these two antagonistic positions could be reconciled: yeast is indeed a living organism, which produces a molecule, the ferment (an enzyme), but it is the latter that induces a chemical reaction. In fact, Pasteur discovered in these fermentation processes the role of various yeasts, as well as of bacteria (butyric fermentation). He was undeniably the father of bacteriology. It is, therefore, surrounded by these discoveries, that Dumas wanted to entrust him with this mission to fight against the silkworm disease. He was a little disconcerted by this request, alleging that he had never seen a silkworm caterpillar or its cocoon in his life!
Pebrine is a disease found in the silkworm, Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera), caused by the microsporidium Nosema bombycis, with a poorly defined taxonomic status, but with similarities to fungi. The genus Nosema, described in 1857 by Professor von NĂ€geli of the University of Zurich, includes 32 species, all parasites of Insects and various arthropods. This disease â with no apparent symptoms at the beginning of contamination â results at an advanced stage, in small black spots on the skin of the caterpillar, as well as on the butterfly, which has the appearance of peppercorns. First called âmaladie de la tacheâ (silkworm spot disease), Armand de Quatrefages2 (1860a) gave the name pebrine to this disease, referring to peppercorns, whose name in Provençal dialect is pebre.
The life cycle of N. bombycis is divided into the environmental (infective) phase and intracellular phases (merogony and sporogony). All stages of development of N. bombycis are diplocaryotic. (1). In the environmental infective phase, the proper environmental conditions are required to active mature spores, resulting in polar tube extrusion and sporoplasm deposition into the host cell cytoplasm. (2). In the intracellular phases, N. bombycis sporoplasm is in direct contact with the host cell cytoplasm and matures into meront, which multiplies by binary fission (merogony). The plasmalemma thickening is the beginning of the sporogony stage. Each sporont produced two sporoblasts, and each sporoblast produced two mature spores (sporogony). (3). Spore dimorphism: N bombycis completes its relatively simple life cycle with two sporulation sequences forming two types of spore respectively: âprimary spore, internal spore or FC (few coils of polar filament) sporeâ, which can germinate quickly after formation (autoinfection) and âenvironmental spore or external sporeâ (N, nuclear; PT, polar tube)3.
The microsporidium cycle4 includes an infectious phase in the surrounding environment and an intracellular phase in the silkworm. The infectious phase is represented by spores, which, in contact with the caterpillar stage of the Insect, will germinate, releasing a polar tube that penetrates into directly accessible cells: the epidermis located under an abraded cuticle, the middle intestine and the deep part of the tracheoli (the terminal tracheal cells): the silk gland, Malpighi tubes, the nervous system, the dorsal vessel and gonads. This leads to systemic, i.e. generalized, auto-infection. At the end, i.e. at the death of the caterpillar, the spores formed will be released into the external environment. Here is a very brief summary of the cycle of this microsporidium. On the other hand, organs with an external cuticle, the trachea (which is an invagination of the epidermis, therefore bordered by a cuticle), the anterior and posterior intestines (bordered by a cuticle) and the chitinized parts of the mouth cannot be infested.
The spore, once germinated (sporoplasm) in the potentially attackable cells, each generates a meront, which by binary fission, gives two sporonts. Each of its sporonts divides again twice, giving successively two sporoblasts and four mature spores, in each infested cell. Each of these mature spores can then infest a new cell with its germline tube. These various stages are all diplokaryotic, i.e. they have t...
Table of contents
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Acknowledgments
Introduction
1: Louis Pasteur and Silkworm Disease (1865â1870)
2: llya Metchnikov at the Pasteur Institute (1886â1916)
3: The Post-Metchnikov Era at the Pasteur Institute (1920â1940)