Applications of Targeted Nano Drugs and Delivery Systems

Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery

Shyam Mohapatra, Shivendu Ranjan, Nandita Dasgupta, Sabu Thomas, Raghvendra Kumar Mishra, Shyam Mohapatra, Shivendu Ranjan, Nandita Dasgupta, Sabu Thomas, Raghvendra Kumar Mishra

• Publisher: Elsevier
• Year: 2018
• ISBN:
  9780128140307
• Topic: Physical Sciences
• Subtopic: Nanoscience

Applications of Targeted Nano-Drugs and Delivery Systems: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery explores the applications of Nano-drugs and their delivery systems, investigating the role they can play in key body systems and major diseases. The book explores how nanotechnology can be deployed in developing new drug delivery systems and how they enable pharmaceutical companies to reformulate existing drugs on the market, thereby extending the lifetime of products and enhancing performance by increasing effectiveness, safety and patient adherence, and ultimately reducing healthcare cost. Reflecting the interdisciplinary nature of the subject matter, this book includes contributions by experts from different fields.

Readers will find a reference and practical source of guidance for researchers, students and scientists working in the fields of nanotechnology, materials science, and technology and biomedical science.

• Enables readers from different fields to access recent research and protocols across traditional boundaries
• Focuses on protocols and techniques, as well as the knowledge base of the field, thus enabling those in R&D to learn about, and successfully deploy, cutting-edge techniques
• Explores the applications of Nano-drugs and their delivery systems, investigating the role they can play in key body systems and major disease types

Chapter 1

Nanotherapeutics and Nanobiotechnology

Vivek P. Chavda B. K. Mody Government Pharmacy College, Rajkot, India

Abstract

Biotechnology and nanotechnology are two of the 21st century's most promising technologies. Nanotechnology is defined as the design, development, and application of materials and devices whose least functional makeup is on a nanometer scale. With the use of nanobiotechnology it is possible to graft small devices closer and closer to reality that can deliver such dynamic molecules easily with enhanced stability. In short, such development in the field of biotechnology will bring vast impact in fields of science and technology. Nanobiotechnology offers some unique opportunities in medicine and biotherapeutics. This chapter comprises fabrication challenges for nanocarriers as well as their ethical and regulatory impacts. Some of their recent applications are highlighted with some patents in this field.

Keywords

Biologics; Biosimilar; Nanobiotechnology; Nanocarrier; Nanoparticles; Toxicity

1. Introduction

Biologics is the application of biotechnology to medicine. They are produced from cell lines and are large portentous molecules. As they are produced from the cell lines, reproducibility is difficult. Biologics are used in the treatment, diagnosis, or prevention of diseases like cancer, diabetes, etc. [1] They include proteins such as hormones, vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, and many more [2]. Biosimilars are proteins that are similar to innovator biologics but not the same as they differ slightly in structure, however, with no clinically significant difference [3]. Biosimilars are not the exact replicas of originator biologics and are therefore not generics. Method of preparation of biologics is given in Fig. 1.1. There are certain targeting and toxicity issues observed with them as they are administered as parental dosage unit.

As these are portentous molecules, stability issues always come into the picture. In order to solve these issues, principles of nanotechnology are applied to the formulation of stable biologics. Nanobiotechnological research involves nanospheres coated with fluorescent polymers. Nanostructures with highly controlled properties are used in nanobiotechnology.

2. Advantages

• 1. Nanoparticles that are used in biotherapeutics can stimulate molecular imaging as well as be used for brain tissue engineering and drug delivery through the blood–brain barrier (BBB) [4].
• 2. By taking advantage of diseased tissue as it is has a path of physiological impact, one can engineer targeted nanodelivery.
• 3. Nanoformulations in biotechnology can evade the BBB to improve CNS-directed neuroprotection or regeneration [4].
• 4. Nanoparticles can easily adapt by changing their size and shape to assist drug uptake [4,5].
• 5. Biotherapeutics are very target specific, potent, and have fewer side-effects compared to conventional molecules and devices so they are widely preferred in the biotechnology field [6].

• 

  Figure 1.1 Manufacturing of biologics.

• 6. Nanoparticulate carriers that are used in biotechnology are found to be more active therapeutically in treating brain tumors [7].
• 7. Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems are found to be successful in the pharmacokinetic strategies of drug molecules such as biodistribution, bioavailability, and drug release features in a controlled and effective manner with site-specific drug delivery targeting to tissue or cell with drop in toxic manifestation [7].
• 8. DNA and RNA molecules, coined aptamers, which are used as a carrier in the biotechnology field, provide high affinity and binding [8].
• 9. Nanocarrier-based oral drug delivery in biotechnology, which includes certain proteins and enzymes, improves the oral absorption of drugs, escalation of aqueous solubility and dissolution rate, enriches lymphatic transport, and is devoid of enzymatic degradation [9].
• 10. Nanomaterials with high thermal, mechanical, and optical properties are favorable materials for development of biosensors that are used in various types of cancers [8].
• 11. Protein-based nanoparticles are used for encapsulation of active molecules because of their nontoxic and biodegradable nature so they are frequently used in biotherapeutics [9].
• 12. Targeted delivery in which nanoparticles are incorporated with drug with conjugation of tumor-specific cell surface markers, like tumor-specific antibodies or ligands, enhance the potency of anticancer drugs and produce fewer side effects [10].
• 13. Sizes of nanoparticles are quite analogous to biological molecules and their structures so they are widely used in in vivo and in vitro biomedical research [11].
• 14. Drug targeting is easily accomplished by using nanoparticles as carriers in biotechnology because of different pathophysiological structures of disease tissue [11].
• 15. Drug concentration at target size is higher in case of nano drug delivery as compared to conventional delivery.
• 16. Nano drug delivery enhances drug efficacy and reduces drug toxicity.

3. Fabrication Challenges

In order to graft a successful nano drug delivery system, the formulator has to be careful from the selection of the material to its delivery site. It is well known that nanomaterials are prepared by two methods, namely, top-down methods and bottom-up methods. In both methods, two requisites are fundamental: control of the fabrication conditions (e.g., energy of the electron beam) and control of the environment conditions (presence of dust, contaminants, etc.). For these reasons, nanotechnologies use highly sophisticated fabrication tools that are mostly operated in a vacuum in clean-room laboratories [12]. For the top-down technique mainly lithography is used, whereas nanocoating is used for the bottom-up technique. It is quit tough to bridge organic and inorganic worlds, especially when protein forms the building blocks for the nanosystem [13]. In the therapeutic field the bottom-up paradigm is mostly used where functional devices and systems are assembled from well-defined nanoscale building blocks, like proteins and other macromolecules. This has the potential to create structures with enhanced and/or completely new functions. Cost of production is one of the challenges that come into the picture. Authorities around the world should evaluate possible...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• List of Contributors
• Foreword
• Chapter 1. Nanotherapeutics and Nanobiotechnology
• Chapter 2. Application and Perspective of pH-Responsive Nano Drug Delivery Systems
• Chapter 3. Mechanism for Development of Nanobased Drug Delivery System
• Chapter 4. Nanobased Nano Drug Delivery: A Comprehensive Review
• Chapter 5. Recent Advances in Development of Nano Drug Delivery
• Chapter 6. Thermoresponsive Drug Delivery Systems, Characterization and Application
• Chapter 7. Graphene and Graphene-Based Nanomaterials Are Suitable Vehicles for Drug Delivery
• Chapter 8. Combination Strategies for Targeted Delivery of Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy
• Chapter 9. Nanotechnology Toward Treating Cancer: A Comprehensive Review
• Chapter 10. Nanoparticles as Delivery Systems in Cancer Therapy: Focus on Gold Nanoparticles and Drugs
• Chapter 11. Trends in Nanotechnology for Practical Applications
• Chapter 12. Antiviral and Antimicrobial (Antibacterial) Potentiality of Nano Drugs
• Chapter 13. Antiviral and Antimicrobial Potentiality of Nano Drugs
• Chapter 14. Nanotechnology in Targeted Drug Delivery and Therapeutics
• Chapter 15. Engineering Nanomaterials for Smart Drug Release: Recent Advances and Challenges
• Chapter 16. Nano Drugs for Curing Malaria: The Plausibility
• Chapter 17. Nanoparticles Mediated Gene Knockout Through miRNA Replacement: Recent Progress and Challenges
• Chapter 18. Transdermal and Intravenous Nano Drug Delivery Systems: Present and Future
• Chapter 19. Nanobased Intravenous and Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems
• Chapter 20. Electrospun Nanofibers for Drug Delivery in Regenerative Medicine
• Index