Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Exosomes

The Potential for Translational Nanomedicine

Yaoliang Tang, Buddhadeb Dawn

• Publisher: Academic Press
• Year: 2015
• Print ISBN:
  9780128001646
• eBook ISBN:
  9780128004975
• Topic: Biological Sciences
• Subtopic: Pharmaceutical, Biotechnology & Healthcare Industry
• Index: Biological Sciences

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes are at the forefront of research in two of the most high profile and funded scientific areas – cardiovascular research and stem cells. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Exosomes provides insight into the biofunction and molecular mechanisms, practical tools for research, and a look toward the clinical applications of this exciting phenomenon which is emerging as an effective diagnostic. Primarily focused on the cardiovascular applications where there have been the greatest advancements toward the clinic, this is the first compendium for clinical and biomedical researchers who are interested in integrating MSC-derived exosomes as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool. - Introduces the MSC-exosome mediated cell-cell communication - Covers the major functional benefits in current MSC-derived exosome studies - Discusses strategies for the use of MSC-derived exosomes in cardiovascular therapies

Chapter 1

Insights into the Mechanism of Exosome Formation and Secretion

Kobina Essandoh

Guo-Chang Fan Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA

Abstract

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles that range between 30 and 100 nm in size, released from most types of cells. Originally discovered in recticulocytes, exosomes have largely been known to be products of the endocytic–endosomal pathway. Exosome biogenesis therefore starts at endocytosis, progresses through early and late endosomes to multivesicular bodies (MVBs), and finally forms when MVBs fuse with the plasma membrane to release the intraluminal vesicles (ILVs). The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) plays a major role in sorting cellular proteins into exosomes at the early and late endosomal stages. However, some exosomal proteins can also be loaded in an ESCRT-independent manner, through molecules such as ceramide. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that various factors and pathologic/stress conditions can promote the release of exosomes from various cells. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge on the signaling/regulation of exosome biogenesis/release, with emphasis on the endocytic-dependent and - independent pathways. We will also discuss how stress and pathologic conditions stimulate exosome biogenesis/release.

Keywords

exosomes

multivesicular bodies (MVBs)

intraluminal vesicles (ILVs)

endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)

Contents

1 Introduction 1

2 Signalings in the Regulation of Endocytosis 2

3 Signalings in the Regulation of Early Endosome 4

4 Signalings in the Regulation of Exosome Cargo Loading to Late Endosomes 5

5 Signalings in the Regulation of the Fate of Multivesicular Bodies (MVBs) 8

6 Signalings in the Regulation of Exosome Release 9

7 Other signalings in the Regulation of Exosome B...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• List of Contributors
• Preface
• Chapter 1: Insights into the Mechanism of Exosome Formation and Secretion
• Chapter 2: An Overview of the Proteomic and miRNA Cargo in MSC-Derived Exosomes
• Chapter 3: Exosome Function in miRNA-Mediated Paracrine Effects
• Chapter 4: Current Methods to Purify and Characterize Exosomes
• Chapter 5: Stem Cell Extracellular Vesicles: A Novel Cell-Based Therapy for Cardiovascular Diseases
• Chapter 6: Therapeutic Potential of Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Cardioprotection and Myocardium Repair
• Chapter 7: Engineered/Hypoxia-Preconditioned MSC-Derived Exosome: Its Potential Therapeutic Applications
• Chapter 8: Exosome-Based Translational Nanomedicine: The Therapeutic Potential for Drug Delivery
• Chapter 9: Effect of Exosomes from Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Angiogenesis
• Chapter 10: Exosomes for Bone Diseases
• Chapter 11: Diagnostic and Prognostic Applications of MicroRNA-Abundant Circulating Exosomes
• Subject Index