Membrane Characterization

Nidal Hilal, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Takeshi Matsuura, Darren Oatley-Radcliffe

• Publisher: Elsevier
• Year: 2017
• ISBN:
  9780444637918
• Topic: Physical Sciences
• Subtopic: Analytic Chemistry

Membrane Characterization provides a valuable source of information on how membranes are characterized, an extremely limited field that is confined to only brief descriptions in various technical papers available online.

For the first time, readers will be able to understand the importance of membrane characterization, the techniques required, and the fundamental theory behind them. This book focuses on characterization techniques that are normally used for membranes prepared from polymeric, ceramic, and composite materials.

• Features specific details on many membrane characterization techniques for various membrane materials of industrial and academic interest
• Contains examples of international best practice techniques for the evaluation of several membrane parameters, including pore size, charge, and fouling
• Discusses various membrane models more suitable to a specific application
• Provides examples of ab initio calculations for the design, optimization, and scale-up of processes based on characterization data

Part 1

Spectroscopy Methods for Membrane Characterization

Outline

Chapter 1. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy

Chapter 2. Raman Spectroscopy

Chapter 3. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy

Chapter 4. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy

Chapter 5. X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)

Chapter 6. Small-Angle Scattering Techniques (SAXS/SANS)

Chapter 1

Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy

M.A. Mohamed, J. Jaafar, A.F. Ismail, M.H.D. Othman, and M.A. Rahman Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia

Abstract

The use of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has been considered to be one of the most effective techniques to study and understand the chemical and surface chemistry in various types of membrane. In this chapter, the role of FTIR techniques to monitor the change of membrane surface chemistry was discussed. Without knowing the specific functional group, which had altered the membrane surface behavior, the researcher is unable to explain different physicochemical properties that significantly changed the membrane performance. In addition, the FTIR techniques can also be used to monitor the stability and durability of the specific membrane toward their performance. In general, the use of FTIR analysis in the field of membrane application is crucial to support the justification of the changes in their properties and performance in various applications.

Keywords

FTIR analysis; Functional group; Functionalization performance monitoring; Membrane application; Surface chemistry

Chapter Outline

1. Introduction

2. FTIR Principle and Analysis Process

3. Sample Preparation Methods

4. Techniques of Sample Handling

5. Membrane Surface Functionalization Monitoring by FTIR

5.1 Blending and Coating Approach

5.2 Chemical Treatment

5.3 Plasma Treatment

5.4 Surface Grafting

5.5 Enzyme Immobilization

5.6 Nanostructured Fillers

5.7 Ultraviolet Induced-Modification

6. Stability and Durability Monitoring in Various Membrane Application by FTIR

6.1 Water and Wastewater Treatment

6.2 Gas Separation

6.3 Fuel Cell

7. Conclusion

References

1. Introduction

In this century, membranes were found very versatile for various applications. Therefore, obtaining more fundamental knowledge of membrane properties could be helpful to enhance their performance. There are several characteristics of membranes that might affect their performance significantly: surface charge, hydrophilicity, and chemical structure. Among different characterization methods Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is one of the most powerful tools for the determination of functional group in a membrane together with possible molecular bonds between chemical compounds of membrane. Understanding of positions of IR absorption bands in the spectrum as wave numbers could be used for identification of the various chemical components (e.g., aromatic amides), which might not be detectable in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra. Generally, IR spectroscopy is applicable for a wide range of materials and condition and it could be utilized for qualitative and quantitative analysis. Recently, the attenuated total reflectance (ATR) technique has attracted more attention for characterization due to its access to the surface vibrational frequencies, as opposed to bulk material.

The first part of this book chapter mostly explicates sample preparation methods, and the basic principle of sample handling techniques for FTIR spectroscopy application includes transmission, ATR, diffuse reflectance, and true specular reflectance/reflection absorption. This second part of this chapter aims to explain the use of FTIR spectroscopy in monitoring membrane surface functionalization by using various types of approaches. Furthermore, this chapter also overviews the application of FTIR spectroscopy for stability and durability of membrane in various types of applications including gas separation, water separation, and fuel cells. The use of FTIR spectroscopy to determine the che...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• List of Contributors
• About the Editors
• Preface
• Part 1. Spectroscopy Methods for Membrane Characterization
• Part 2. Microscopy Methods for Membrane Characterization
• Part 3. Physical and Chemical Characterization Methods for Membrane Characterization
• Part 4. Mechanical Properties Characterization of Membranes
• Part 5. Mass Transport, Modeling and Feed Solution Characterization
• Index