Chemical Analysis and Material Characterization by Spectrophotometry

Bhim Prasad Kaflé

• Publisher: Elsevier
• Year: 2019
• ISBN:
  9780128148679
• Topic: Physical Sciences
• Subtopic: Analytic Chemistry

Chemical Analysis and Material Characterization by Spectrophotometry integrates and presents the latest known information and examples from the most up-to-date literature on the use of this method for chemical analysis or materials characterization. Accessible to various levels of expertise, everyone from students, to practicing analytical and industrial chemists, the book covers both the fundamentals of spectrophotometry and instrumental procedures for quantitative analysis with spectrophotometric techniques. It contains a wealth of examples and focuses on the latest research, such as the investigation of optical properties of nanomaterials and thin solid films.

• Covers the basic analytical theory that is essential for understanding spectrophotometry
• Emphasizes minor/trace chemical component analysis
• Includes the spectrophotometric analysis of nanomaterials and thin solid films
• Thoroughly describes methods and uses easy-to-follow, practical examples and experiments

Chapter 1

Spectrophotometry and its application in chemical analysis

Abstract

In this chapter, we will learn the types of spectrophotometric techniques and their application for qualitative and quantitative determination of an analyte in a given sample. As a spectroscopic technique concerns with the interaction of light with matter, we will also discuss the properties of light and processes (phenomena) that occur after interaction with matter.

Keywords

Electromagnetic radiation; Absorption; Reflection and transmittance; Analyte

1.1. Spectroscopy and applications (overview)

Spectroscopy is a branch of science (analytical chemistry) which deals with the study of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. In fact, traditionally, the interactions of analyte were between matter and electromagnetic radiation, but now spectroscopy has been broadened to include interactions between matter and other forms of energy. Such examples include beams of particles such as ions and electrons. These kinds of analytical methods that are considered to be one of the most powerful tools available for the study of materials’ fundamental properties (e.g., atomic and molecular structure, optical properties) and also used in quantifying the wide range of chemical species prevailing in a given sample. In this method, an analyst carries out measurements of light (or light-induced charged particles) that is absorbed, emitted, reflected or scattered by an analyte chemical or a material. Then these measured data are correlated to identify and quantify the chemical species present in that analyte. Ideally, a spectrometer makes measurements either by scanning a spectrum (point by point) or by simultaneous monitoring several positions in a spectrum; the quantity that is measured is a function of radiant power.

Specifically, over all the other analytical methods, the spectroscopic techniques possess the following advantages:

• 1. These techniques are less time consuming and much more rapid.
• 2. They require a very small amount (at mg and μg levels) of the compound and even this amount can be recovered at the end of evaluation in many cases.
• 3. The structural information received from the spectroscopic analysis is much more accurate and reliable.
• 4. They are much more selective and sensitive and are extremely valuable in the analysis of highly complex mixtures and in the detection of even trace amounts of impurities.
• 5. Controlled Analysis can be performed on a computer, and therefore, continuous operation is possible which is often required in industrial applications.

A wide array of different spectroscopic techniques can be applied in virtually every domain of scientific research - from environmental analysis, biomedical sciences and material science to space exploration endeavors. In other words, any application that deals with chemical substances or materials can use this technique: Spectro-chemical methods have provided perhaps the most widely used tools for the elucidation of molecular structure as well as the quantitative and qualitative determination of both inorganic and organic compounds. For example, in biochemistry; it is used to determine enzyme-catalyzed reactions. In clinical applications, it is used to examine blood or tissues for clinical diagnosis.

A chemist routinely employs spectroscopic techniques for determination of molecular structure (e.g., NMR Spectroscopy), molecular weight, molecular formula and decomposition to simpler compounds or conversion into a derivative (MS Spectroscopy) and presence or absence of certain functional groups (IR Spectroscopy). Also, there are tremendous efforts in improving (e.g., instruments’ resolution, detection limits, etc) and expanding this branch of the analytical method for quantitative analysis in various fields such as chemistry, physics, biochemistry, material and chemical engineering, clinical applications and industrial applications.

This book aims to cover chemical analysis and material characterizat...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Chapter 1. Spectrophotometry and its application in chemical analysis
• Chapter 2. Theory and instrumentation of absorption spectroscopy: UV–VIS spectrophotometry and colorimetry
• Chapter 3. Sample preparation methods and choices of reagents
• Chapter 4. The chemical analysis process
• Chapter 5. Application of UV–VIS spectrophotometry for chemical analysis
• Chapter 6. Introduction to nanomaterials and application of UV–Visible spectroscopy for their characterization
• Chapter 7. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy
• Chapter 8. Raman spectroscopy
• Chapter 9. Molecular luminescence spectroscopy
• Index