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Lignin Chemistry and Application systematically discusses the structure, physical and chemical modification of lignin, along with its application in the field of chemicals and materials. It presents the history of lignin chemistry and lignin-modified materials, describes recent progresses, applications and studies, and prospects the development direction of high value applications of lignin in the field of material science. In addition to covering the basic theories and technologies relating to the research and application of lignin in polymer chemistry and materials science, the book also summarizes the latest applications in rubber, engineering plastics, adhesives, films and hydrogels.
- Systematically discusses the structure, physical and chemical modification of lignin and its application in materials
- Presents the latest research results in the field of lignin
- Indicates the development direction of high value applications of lignin in a range of fields, including petrochemicals, household applications, medicine, agriculture, and more
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Chapter 1
Introduction
Abstract
Lignin, the second-most abundant natural polymer in plantae (after cellulose), and often coheres with cellulose and hemicellulose, forming the main supporting structure of plants. The global increment per year of lignin via biosynthesis has been estimated to be 6 Ć 1014 t [1]. Unfortunately, the complex structure of lignin makes it difficult to be understood and used. Lignin, however, is regarded as a wonderful biomass chemical raw material and receives much attention in the field of materials. This is because of its various functional groups, renewability, degradability, nontoxicity, and low cost (lignin could be produced as a byproduct in paper industry) [2ā5]. Lignin recently has been used in phenol-formaldehyde resin, polyurethane, epoxy resin, and ion exchange resin [4, 6ā8]. Lignin, as a filler, also has been used to modify many kinds of rubbers, polyolefin, polyester, polyether, starch, protein, and other fossil fuel-based or biomass materials [2, 9ā19]. These uses have led to many successful researches and development projects for engineering plastics, adhesives, foam materials, membranes, nanofibers, hydrogels, and other new materials with great potential. Modified-materials based on film-like and nanofibrous lignin could be used as precursors to prepare carbon membranes and carbon fibers. Meanwhile, lignin and its derivates also could be used as surfactants or flocculants for oil exploitation, asphalt emulsification, dilution of oil-drilling muds, wastewater treatment, dispersion of coal water mixture or dye, water reduction or aid-grinding for concrete, controlled release of fertilizers and pesticides, antiviral, anticancer, and drug-carrying. Although research and development based on lignin have made rapid progress, there are few actual large-scale applications of lignin, not only because of its complex multilevel structure, but also because of the lack in systematic theoretic support for its chemical modification and material-development
Keywords
Lignin; Fossil; Oil-drilling; Sulfite; Hibbert ketone; Phenylpropane
Lignin, the second-most abundant natural polymer in plantae (second to cellulose), and often coheres with cellulose and hemicellulose, forming the main supporting structure of plants. The global increment per year of lignin via biosynthesis has been estimated to be 6 Ć 1014 t [1]. Unfortunately, the complex structure of lignin makes it difficult to understand and use. Lignin, however, is regarded as a wonderful biomass chemical raw material and receives much attention in the field of materials. This is because of its varied functional group, renewability, degradability, nontoxicity, and low cost (lignin could be produced as a byproduct in paper industry) [2ā5]. Lignin recently has been used in phenol-formaldehyde resin, polyurethane, epoxy resin, and ion exchange resin [4, 6ā8]. Lignin, as a filler, also has been used to modify many kinds of rubbers, polyolefin, polyester, polyether, starch, protein, and other fossil fuel-based or biomass materials [2, 9ā19]. These uses have led to many successful research and development projects for engineering plastics, adhesives, foam materials, membranes, nanofibers, hydrogels, and other new materials with great potential. Modified-materials based on film-like and nanofibrous lignin could be used as precursors to prepare carbon membranes and carbon fibers. Meanwhile, lignin and its derivates also could be used as surfactants or flocculants for oil exploitation, asphalt emulsification, dilution of oil-drilling muds, wastewater treatment, dispersion of coal water mixture or dye, water reduction or aid-grinding for concrete, controlled release of fertilizers and pesticides, antiviral, anticancer, and drug-carrying. Although research and development based on lignin have made rapid progress, there are few actual large-scale applications of lignin, not only because of its complex multilevel structure, but also because of the lack in systematic theoretic support for its chemical modification and material-development. The breakthrough in compositing and processing of lignin-based materials, therefore, still is badly needed. Under the global concern for comprehensive use of biomass sources (to replace fossil fuel-based mass materials), the research and development of new materials based on lignin are facing opportunities and challenges. Improving understanding about the structure and properties of lignin and its modified materials are conducive to increasing the application value of lignin in the field of materials, along with exploring new methods for developing high-value application based on lignin.
1.1 Developing History of Lignin Chemistry
Until now, because of the complex structure of lignin, we have known only its basic units and their connecting pattern, then deduced the structural model. Many scientists have contributed in the long history from finding lignin and determining its basic structure [20, 21]. Table 1.1 lists the scientists awarded Anselme Payen prize (the indicative prize in the field of natural polymers) or ISWFPC (International Seminar for Wood, Fiber, and Pulp Chemistry) outstanding achievement prize and greatly contributed to lignin chemistry or materials.
Table 1.1
Prize | Year | Name | Workplace |
---|---|---|---|
Anselme Payen Prize | 1972 | Conrad Schuerch | SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry |
1973 | D.A.I. Goring | McGill University | |
1979 | Kyosti V. Sarkanen | University of Washington | |
1980 | Olof Samuelson Chalmers | University of Technology | |
1982 | Erich Adler | Chalmers University of Technology | |
1987 | Takayoshi Higuchi | Kyoto University | |
1990 | Junzo Nakano | University of Tokyo | |
1992 | Josef Geier | Royal Institute of Technology | |
1995 | Josef Gratzl | North Carolina State University | |
1997 | Joseph L.McCarthy | University of Washington | |
2000 | Wolfgang G.Glasser | Virginia Tech | |
2013 | John Ralph | University of Wisconsin-Madison | |
ISWFPC outstanding achievement prize | 1997 | Joseph McCarthy | University of Washington |
1999 | Akira Sakakibara | Hokkaido University | |
2001 | David Goring | McGill University | |
2003 | Gosta Bruno Knut Lundquist | Helsinki University Chalmers University | |
2005 | Joseph Girer | Royal University of Technology | |
2007 | Hou-min Chang | North University of University | |
2009 | Goren Gellestedt | Royal University of Technology | |
2011 | Jiaxing Chen | South China University of Technology |
As early as 1830, Anselm Penn, a French biologist and chemist, found that the carbon content in part of matter delivered from wood in the alternatively wood-treating process with nitric acid and base was higher than that in cellulose. Penn raised for the first time a claim that wood consisted of cellulose and another material [20]. He also believed that this material must embed in cellulose, and named it an incrusting material. Franz Ferdinand Schulze named this material with high carbon content as lignin in 1857 [22]. In 1866, Benjamin Chew Tilghman developed sulfite process (SP), and aroused keen interest in chemical reaction in pulping process in which lignin was main object of study. Subsequently, Julius Erdman discovered that those dissolved noncellulose components consisted of aromatic compounds in 1868 [23], which was confirmed in 1874 by Benjamin Chew Tiemann, who proved coniferin and coniferyl alcohol could be delivered from wood [4]. Ludwig Bamberger found methoxy groups ( OCH3) in wood [24], but because cellulose contained no methoxy group, it must belong to lignin. Methoxy then became an important group with which to characterize lignin. A Swedish scientist, Peter Klason, found the sulfonate product reacted from conifer...
Table of contents
- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Contributors
- Editorsā Biographies
- Foreword
- Preface
- Chapter 1: Introduction
- Chapter 2: Structure and Characteristics of Lignin
- Chapter 3: Chemical Modification of Lignin
- Chapter 4: Lignin Chemicals and Their Applications
- Chapter 5: Lignin-Modified Thermoplastic Materials
- Chapter 6: Lignin-Modified Thermosetting Materials
- Chapter 7: Lignin-Modified Materials and Their Applications
- Chapter 8: Structure, Characterization, and Performance Evaluation of Lignin-Modified Materials
- Index