In the early 1970s, Carole King wrote a song called Anticipation. For some, the anticipated moment or event seems teasingly beyond occurrence. Waiting for June 30 to arrive was one of those occasions. I had been looking forward to that day for close to 7 months. What started as a devastating period with the passing of our oldest Golden Retriever (a moment we were not waiting for), eventually lead to a happier moment with meeting our new puppy. There was a tremendous sense of loss in the family when our oldest Golden passed away. Although we knew she had cancer, one is never really ready for the end. The loss was felt not only by my wife and me but also by our younger dog who was five. She seemed devastated by the death of her pal. She had lost her best friend and constant playmate. Although impossible to replace a departed soul, in our hearts we knew eventually we would be ready to welcome a new puppy into our family. For several months, we didnât even want to think about getting another dog, but eventually our hearts began to heal and we felt ready. Anticipation was an appropriate description of our mindset as we waited for the day we would pick up our new puppy. We shopped for her and got everything ready for the big day. Carole King couldnât have written a song with a better title that reflected the yearning we felt deeply within our souls. On June 29, while we were flying to Phoenix, Arizona to pick her up, many images went through our minds. Images of bittersweet memories of our beloved Magic came to our minds, along with excitement about meeting our new four-legged friend. Who would have fathomed that a pet could have so much meaning to two adults. But this puppy represented a new chapter in our lives together. We named our new puppy Mystic, in honor of our dog who passed away earlier that year. Her name was Magic.
This narrative was selected to begin this chapter because it highlights the significance that many people feel about their animals. This was a personal story that just occurred recently for my wife and me. Although personal, the experience is representative of outcomes that many families experience when losing a beloved family companion animal or anticipate acquiring a new pet. Understanding the roles that animals have in our lives is an opportunity that mental health providers should understand/consider as they support and treat individuals and families. Clinicians should become more aware of the fact that for many of their clients, their pets are an integral part of their being. Understanding this and the roles that these animals have (good or bad) can provide practitioners with a window into their clientsâ homes and psyches. What was once only considered a simple curiosity or perhaps misdirected love, relationships with companion animals has blossomed into a serious and respected course of inquiry that can help inform us about our clientâs relationships with not only their pets, but other human connections. Today, science is discovering that our pets can be good for our both physical and mental well-being.
Within this introductory chapter, I plan to provide an explanation of the significance of the human-animal bond (HAB). Specifically, we will go over the definition of HAB as well as providing a few theoretical explanations of why these relationships come into existence.
Companion Animals in Our Lives
Over the years, pet ownership has grown in America. According to the 2017â2018 American Pet Products Association (APPA) National Pet Owner Survey, 68% of households own a pet, which equates to about 84.6 million homes. In fact, in 1988, when the first survey was conducted by APPA, only 56% of US households owned a pet, so we see a growth of about 12% in close to 30 years. Tables 1â5 provide a breakdown on the various dimensions of pet ownership in the United States for 2017â2018. Table 1 identifies that dogs are in approximately 60.2 million US households, while cats are in 47.1 million households in the United States. Table 2 clarifies the actual breakdown of the total number of pets in the United States. Although cats are in less US homes, there are more cats than dogs in the United States. There are 89.7 million dogs in our homes while there are 94.2 million cats. Other species of animals are identified in Table 2.
Table 1
Breakdown of Pet Ownership in the United States: Number of US Households That Own a Pet Type of animal | Number of US households that own a pet (millions) |
---|
Bird | 7.9 |
Cat | 47.1 |
Dog | 60.2 |
Horse | 2.6 |
Fresh water fish | 12.5 |
Salt water fish | 2.5 |
Reptile | 4.6 |
Small animals | 6.7 |
Table 2
Breakdown of Pet Ownership in the United States: Total Number of Pets Owned in the United States Type of animal | Total number of pets owned in the United States (millions) |
---|
Bird | 20.3 |
Cat | 94.2 |
Dog | 89.7 |
Horse | 7.6 |
Fresh water fish | 139.3 |
Salt water fish | 18.8 |
Reptile | 9.4 |
Small animal | 14.0 |
Table 3
Actual Sales Within the US Market in 2016 Purchase | Purchase cost (in billion dollars) |
---|
Food | 28.23 |
Supplies/OTC medicine | 14.71 |
Vet care | 15.95 |
Live animal purchases | 2.1 |
Pet services: grooming & boarding | 5.76 |
In 2016, $66.75 billion was spent on our pets in the United States.
Table 4
Estimated 2017 Sales Within the US Market Purchase | Estimated purchase cost (in billion dollars) |
---|
Food | 29.69 |
Supplies/OTC medicine | 14.93 |
Vet care | l6.62 |
Live animal purchases | 2.01 |
Pet services: grooming & boarding | 6.11 |
For 2017, it estimated that $69.36 billion will be spent on our pets in the United States.
Table 5
Total US Pet Industry Expenditures Year | Billions dollars |
---|
2017 | 69.36 Estimated |
2016 | 66.75 Actual |
2015 | 60.28 |
2014 | 58.04 |
2013 | 55.72 |
2012 | 53.33 |
2011 | 50.96 |
2010 | 48.35 |
2009 | 45.53 |
2008 | 43.2 |
2007 | 41.2 |
2006 | 38.5 |
2005 | 36.3 |
2004 | 34.4 |
2003 | 32.4 |
2002 | 29.6 |
2001 | 28.5 |
1998 | 23 |
1996 | 21 |
1994 | 17 |
Tables 3 and 4 look at the expenditures people make in caring for their pets. As can be seen in the table, the most significant expenditure is food, which accounts for close to $29 billion annually. Finally, Table 5 offers details on the total annual expenditures for all expenses related to pet caring. The APPA estimates that in 2017, $69 billion will have been spent on animal care. These tables provide a glimpse of the growing importance and value that animals have in the lives of many citizens in the United States.
The literature is filled with data suggesting that pets are more likely to be found in households with children than in any other household configuration. Fine (2014) points out that most parents acquire animals for their children in the belief that pets can teach lessons of responsibility and nurturing while also providing a source for companionship and love. Fine (2014) points out that most parents reveal that children maintain high levels of daily involvement in caring for, and playing with family pets as they grow from preschoolers to teens. These interactions appear to stay consistent even though other dimensions of childrenâs family time decreases as they age. Pets appear to help strengthen and maintain family ties.
It is important to point out that many people are so engaged in having pets in their lives that they consider their pets as their children, and refer to themselves as âmommiesâ and âdaddies.â They also talk to their pets using mother-ese or what some call âbaby talkâ (Archer, 1997), a type of talk...