Nanolayer Research

Methodology and Technology for Green Chemistry

Toyoko Imae

• Publisher: Elsevier
• Year: 2017
• ISBN:
  9780444637475
• Topic: Tecnología e ingeniería
• Subtopic: Ingeniería química y bioquímica

Nanolayer Research: Methodology and Technology for Green Chemistry introduces the topic of nanolayer research and current methodology, from the basics, to specific applications for green science. Each chapter is written by a specialist in their specific research area, offering a deep coverage of the topic.

Nanofilms are explained, along with their rapidly emerging applications in electronic devices for smart grids, units for cells, electrodes for batteries, and sensing systems for environmental purposes in applicable subjects.

Readers will find this book useful not only as a textbook for basic knowledge, but also as a reference for practical research.

• Outlines basic principles of nanolayers
• Includes methodology and technology of nanolayers
• Contains numerous nanolayers applications

Chapter 1

Overview of Nanolayers: Formulation and Characterization Methods

Toyoko Imae National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan

Abstract

In the first half of this chapter, the formulation of nanolayers is explained. Nanolayers are formed at different interfaces between heterogeneous or homogeneous phases of gas, liquid, or solid state, depending on the procedure. In the second half of the chapter, the characterization methods of nanolayers are described. Observation by optical, electron, and scanning probe microscopes is introduced. Atomic force microscopy is especially powerful for the observation of nanolayers. In electromagnetic characterization, reflectometry is a valuable tool for layer analysis that is superior to light, X-ray, and neutron scattering. In spectroscopic characterization, surface enhanced and surface plasmon resonance spectroscopies are useful as well as near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy.

Keywords

Nanolayer; Formulation; Characterization method; Microscopy; Electromagnetics; Spectroscopy

Acknowledgments

This chapter was based on the author's study, investigation, and lectures at Nagoya University, Japan; Kieo University, Japan; and National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan. The author gratefully acknowledges the encouragement of her colleagues, collaborators, and students in writing this chapter.

1.1 Introduction

The concept of monolayer was established by Irving Langmuir (1881–1957, Nobel Laureate in Chemistry, 1932) after the report regarding the adsorption of gases on plane surfaces [1]. Since then, the fourth phase, “surface” or “interface” at the phase boundary, has been recognized as significant in addition to the traditional three main phases of gas (air), liquid, and solid, and Langmuir earned respect as a pioneer of surface science (chemistry), as it was he who introduced the concept of two-dimensional molecular array, in addition to the concept of two-dimensional thermodynamics, on the interpretation of the surface. Moreover, his establishment of methodology preparing water-insoluble monomolecular film on Langmuir-Blodgett trough enabled the development of not only the basic research of molecular films on surface but also the preparation/modification technology of practically preferable molecular films.

Another important advance in surface science was the development of the scanning probe microscope by G. Binning and H. Rohre in 1981 (Nobel Laureates in Physics, 1986) [2]. This development allows us to see molecular surfaces directly over the estimation. The arrangement of nanolayers including monolayers, bilayers, and multilayers at the interface had formerly been estimated by chemical and physical analyses. However, after the visualization of such molecular arrangement became successfully possible especially as to the thickness of the layers, scientists and engineers expected the strict control of the regularization of nanolayers at the interface and their precision characterization, since they recognized that the characteristics of materials and instrumentation were subjected to the interface. Their expectation encouraged the development of surface analysis methodology based on spectroscopy and electromagnetics. Nowadays, on the strength of these developments, many scientists and engineers in academia and industries have focused on the investigation of surface science. Thus the research is evolving with industrial products relating to adsorption, adhesion, coating, colloidal particles, thin films, chemical reaction, analysis, and separation. Especially notable, such methodologies are currently tactical on high-precision surface processing technology.

This chapter gives an overview of nanolayers. Different types of nanolayers including monolayers, bilayers, and multilayers are prepared at different interfaces and with different procedures. The as-prepared nanolayers are analyzed for their structures and properties by means of various methodologies and technologies, which adapt to different scales of specimens and characterizations depending on the particularity of each methodology and technology. For instance, visualization technology by microscope is limited to the resolution by beam wavelengths for optical and electron microscopes and by probes for scanning probe microscopes. In electromagnetic methodology, while light scattering is used for the analyses of structures of larger dimension, X-ray and neutron scattering cover small-scale structures. Spectroscopy is utilized for the analyses of rather fine structures like the orientation or compactness of molecules in the layers. Fig. 1.1 indicates the methodologies of visualization, electromagnetics, and spectroscopy for nanolayers in relation to size scale. In the following section, the formulation of nanolayers at...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Contributors
• Chapter 1: Overview of Nanolayers: Formulation and Characterization Methods
• Chapter 2: Electrical Double Layer at Nanolayer Interface
• Chapter 3: Scanning Probe Microscopy Techniques for Modern Nanomaterials
• Chapter 4: Surface-Enhanced Spectroscopy for Surface Characterization
• Chapter 5: Nanolayer Analysis by Neutron Reflectometry
• Chapter 6: Interfacial Molecular Structure and Dynamics at Solid Surface Studied by Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy
• Chapter 7: Nanolayer Analysis by X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy
• Chapter 8: Nanolayer Analysis by Photoelectron Spectroscopy
• Chapter 9: Layer-by-Layer Nanolayers for Green Science
• Chapter 10: Graphene-Based Nanolayers Toward Energy Storage Device
• Index