EEG-Based Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease

A Review and Novel Approaches for Feature Extraction and Classification Techniques

Nilesh Kulkarni, Vinayak Bairagi

• Publisher: Academic Press
• Year: 2018
• ISBN:
  9780128153932
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Biomedical Science
• Index: Technology & Engineering

EEG-Based Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease: A Review and Novel Approaches for Feature Extraction and Classification Techniques provides a practical and easy-to-use guide for researchers in EEG signal processing techniques, Alzheimer's disease, and dementia diagnostics. The book examines different features of EEG signals used to properly diagnose Alzheimer's Disease early, presenting new and innovative results in the extraction and classification of Alzheimer's Disease using EEG signals. This book brings together the use of different EEG features, such as linear and nonlinear features, which play a significant role in diagnosing Alzheimer's Disease.

• Includes the mathematical models and rigorous analysis of various classifiers and machine learning algorithms from a perspective of clinical deployment
• Covers the history of EEG signals and their measurement and recording, along with their uses in clinical diagnostics
• Analyzes spectral, wavelet, complexity and other features of early and efficient Alzheimer's Disease diagnostics
• Explores support vector machine-based classification to increase accuracy

Chapter One

Introduction

Abstract

Alzheimer disease is the neuro-degenerative disease, which is the common form of dementia. It is the most expensive disease in the modern society characterized by cognitive, intellectual, as well as behavioral disturbance. Therefore, early diagnosis of the disease is essential. The disease progressively can lead to the total dependency at the severe stage. Different techniques for early diagnosis of Alzheimer disease including neuroimaging techniques and non-neuroimaging techniques can be effectively used. Computer-aided diagnosis tool plays a vital role in computer-based diagnosis. Besides this, non-neuroimaging techniques, such as Biomarkers, Electroencephalography (EEG) can be used as standardized tools for diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease. This chapter presents general information about Alzheimer’s disease. It also gives an overview of Alzheimer’s disease, causes and symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease and role of different imaging and EEG techniques for Alzheimer’s diagnosis. The chapter also presents brief survey of various research articles for EEG-based Alzheimer’s diagnosis.

Keywords

Alzheimer disease

electroencephalogram

neurodegenerative disease

neuroimaging

machine learning

Human Brain contains 10¹⁰ neurons [1]. In general, the thing which makes it unique is not the high number of cells but the ability to interact between them. It is well-known that the human body is controlled by human brain. In general, its study using neuroimaging techniques has represented a great advanced for science.

Neurodegenerative diseases are the group of disorders that affect the brain. They are basically related with changes in the brain that leads to the loss of brain structure including the death of some neurons [1,2]. The most well-known disease of this group includes Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer disease (AD), and Huntington’s disease.

AD is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease. As per the Neurologists reports, there is no cure for this disease. But, there are treatments that may delay the symptoms if they are provided in the first stages of the disease. Therefore, an early diagnosis of AD is a key issue for patients suffering from this disorder. Early diagnosis is difficult but the symptoms of diseases are confused with normal ageing effects. Due to this, Electroencephalography (EEG) has been presented as a useful technique that will facilitate the early diagnosis of AD. EEG is one of the imaging methods to study the brain activity. The economic price of EEG and its simplicity in use in comparison with other method make it a suitable choice for hospitals and research centers [1,2]. EEG records the brain signals using electrodes attached to the scalp. EEG recordings of AD patients show some characteristic changes that can be used as biomarkers of the pathology.

1.1. Alzheimer disease

AD is a neurodegenerative and most prevalent form of age-related dementia in modern society. It affects behavioral and cognitive deficits. AD is positioned to become the scourge of this century bringing with its enormous social and personal costs [3,4]. It was discovered by Alois Alzheimer in 1906 over more than 100 years ago but research in this symptoms, causes, risk factors, and treatment has gained momentum in last 40–45 years. Even relevant aspects of AD are revealed, changes causing on AD patients is to be discovered. AD generally causes the loss of neurons in brain. It also damages neurons. Damaged neurons no longer function normally and may die. Dead neurons cannot be replaced once lost. By the time, brain cells shrinks dramatically, affecting all its functions. AD affects the patients in different ways, changing the rate of progression for each subject [3]. The initial symptoms of AD include the worsening ability to remember new information. This occurs due to the malfunctioning of neurons. As the neurons in different parts of brain regions die and malfunction, individuals experience other difficulties. The following listed are the different symptoms of AD [5]:

• • Loss of memory; which interferes in daily life.
• • Difficulties in solving problems.
• • Results difficult to complete familiar tasks at home, at work, or at leisure.
• • Poor judgment.
• • Difficulties in remembering new words either speaking or writing.
• • Confusion with time or place.
• • Changes in personality or mood, includes apathy and depression.
• • Withdrawal from work or societal activities.

AD is listed as the sixth leading cause of death in United States. It is also fifth leading cause of death for people of 65 years and older [6]. There includes a variety of parameters which are linked with incidence of AD, including age, gender, genetic factors, head injury, and Down syndrome. Experts believe that AD is caused by multiple factors than single causes. The major risks factor includes [3]:

1. 1. Age: An advanced age is the greatest risk factor for AD. Even though age, is the greatest risk, is not sufficient to cause the disease.
2. 2. Family history: Individuals with a familiar suffering AD are more likely to later develop AD.
3. 3. APOE έ4 gene: Research studies estimate that between 40% and 65% of people diagnosed with AD have one or two copies of the APOE έ4 gene.
4. 4. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI): Patients suffering from MCI are more likely to develop AD and other dementia than people without MCI. However, not all patients suffering from MCI latter develop AD. Therefore this is a key stage for studding AD.
5. 5. Cardiovascular disease risk factor: It is suggested that the health of the brain is related with the heath of the heart and blood vessels. A good blood pleasure ensures that the brain receives the oxygen and nutrient necessary for its normal functioning.
6. 6. Social and cog...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Acknowledgments
• Chapter One: Introduction
• Chapter Two: Electroencephalogram and Its Use in Clinical Neuroscience
• Chapter Three: Role of Different Features in Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease
• Chapter Four: Use of Complexity Features for Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease
• Chapter Five: Classification Algorithms in Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease
• Chapter Six: Results, Discussions, and Research Challenges
• Index