Fullerens, Graphenes and Nanotubes

A Pharmaceutical Approach

Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu

• Publisher: William Andrew
• Year: 2018
• ISBN:
  9780128136928
• Topic: Physical Sciences
• Subtopic: Nanoscience

Fullerens, Graphenes and Nanotubes: A Pharmaceutical Approach shows how carbon nanomaterials are used in the pharmaceutical industry. While there are various books on the carbonaceous nanomaterials available on the market, none approach the subject from a pharmaceutical point-of-view. In this context, the book covers different applications of carbonaceous nanomaterials. Chapters examine different types of carbon nanomaterials and explore how they are used in such areas as cancer treatments, pulse sensing and prosthetics. Readers will find this book to be a valuable reference resource for those working in the areas of carbon materials, nanomaterials and pharmaceutical science.

• Explains how the unique properties of carbon-based nanomaterials allow them to be used to create effective drug delivery systems
• Covers how carbon-based nanomaterials should be prepared for use in pharmaceutical applications
• Discusses the relative toxicity of a range of carbon-based nanomaterials
• Considers the safety of their use in different types of drugs

Chapter 1

Exploring the binding potential of carbon nanotubes and fullerene towards major drug targets of multidrug resistant bacterial pathogens and their utility as novel therapeutic agents

Sinosh Skariyachan^1,2 and Shruthi Garka¹, ¹Dayananda Sagar Institutions, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, ²Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, Karnataka, India

Abstract

Most bacterial pathogens have evolved as extensively drug resistant against wide classes of antimicrobials and cause a high threat to pharmaceutical sectors. As a result, there is a high necessity to address the issue and screen novel antimicrobials. This chapter focuses on the therapeutic potential of nanoparticles, especially carbon nanotubes and fullerenes, towards the probable drug targets of bacterial pathogens through computational drug discovery approaches. The chapter emphases the gene network analysis to identify probable drug targets, a need for three-dimensional (3D) structures, major 3D structure depositories, and approaches for modeling and validation. It further emphasizes various approaches for screening carbon fullerenes and nanotubes, and the need for structure-based virtual screening and molecular docking studies. Furthermore, prediction of the binding potential of carbon fullerene and nanotubes against potential drug targets of multidrug resistant pathogens. This chapter integrates the use of computational biology, proteomics and pharmaceutical biotechnology for the screening of novel carbon nanoleads, especially fullerenes and nanotubes, as ideal lead molecules against extreme drug resistant bacterial pathogens.

Keywords

Bacterial pathogens; extremely resistant; probable drug targets; therapeutic potential; carbon fullerene; nanotubes; ideal lead molecules

Chapter Outline

• 1.1 Introduction 2
  • 1.1.1 Mortality Rate Due to Gram-negative Bacteria 2
  • 1.1.2 Emergence of Multidrug Resistant and Extensively Drug Resistant 3
• 1.2 Need and Scope of Screening Therapeutic Agents 3
  • 1.2.1 Role of Computational Biology 4
  • 1.2.2 Need for Gene Network and Expression Analysis to Identify Drug Targets 5
  • 1.2.3 Need for Three-dimensional (3D) Structure 6
  • 1.2.4 Major Structural Database 6
  • 1.2.5 Other Protein Databases 7
  • 1.2.6 Prediction of 3D Structure 7
  • 1.2.7 Homology Modeling 8
  • 1.2.8 Study of Receptor–ligand Interaction 9
  • 1.2.9 Molecular Docking 9
  • 1.2.10 Role of Nanoparticles as Therapeutic Agents Against Multidrug Resistant Pathogens 10
  • 1.2.11 Binding Potential of Carbon Fullerenes and Nanotubes 13
  • 1.2.12 QSAR Properties of Carbon Nanotubes and Fullerenes 14
  • 1.2.13 Mechanism of Antibacterial Potential of Carbon Fullerene and Carbon Nanotubes 14
  • 1.2.14 Recent Achievements 18
  • 1.2.15 Merits of Nanoparticles 20
• 1.3 Conclusion 21
• References 21

1.1 Introduction

1.1.1 Mortality Rate Due to Gram-negative Bacteria

Gram-negative bacteria manifest high level resistance to most classes of antibiotics (Zabawa et al., 2016). The infections caused by multidrug resistant (MDR) gram-negative organisms are increasing in hospitals, particularly in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and are associated with higher costs, increased morbidity, and lead to high mortality rates (Chelazzi et al., 2015). Several factors that contribute to the increased risk of infection in ICU patients, includes greater severity of illness, overuse of existing antimicrobial agents, underlying conditions, exposure to multiple invasive devices and procedures, increased patient contact with health care personnel, and crowding of patients in a small specialized area (Ivady et al., 2015). Gram-negative bacteria, particularly Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumonia are causing health problems and especially to the hospitalized patients. There is an increasing demand to come up with alternative therapeutics that target MDR gram-negative infections (MacVane et al., 2015).

The rates of MDR gram-negative bacteria across the world generally suggest an increasing resistance towards the southeast of Europe, Latin America and Asia Pacific and lower resistance in the northwest of Europe, United States, and Canada (Curcio, 2014). In 2010, data from US National Healthcare Safety Network emphasized that gram-negative bacteria account for >30% of hospital-acquired infections, and in ICUs they represent for about 70% of these infections; similar data have reported from different parts of the world (Peleg and Hooper, 2010). In 2010, a systematic review included data from 47 countries and estimated that 13.5 million cases of typhoid fever occurred globally and around 200–300 cases of Salmonella typhi are reported each year in the United States (Bula Rudas et al., 2015). One of the effective strategies to combat MDR organisms is the development of novel antimicrobial agents (Cerceo et al., 2016). Fighting MDR bacterial infections with edible plants represents an attractive strategy (Dzotam et al., 2016).

1.1.2 Emergence of Multidrug Resistant and Extensively Drug Resistant

The emergence of multidrug resistance in infectious bacteria has emerged as a global threat to public health. Over last few decades, the consequences of microbial infections have increased dramatically. Constant deployment of novel antimicrobials in treating infections has led to the emergence of resistance amidst different strains of microorganisms (Tanwar et al., 2014). MDR organisms including Vancomycin-resistant enterococci, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and certain gram-negative bacilli such as P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii which causes severe and lethal human infections primarily in patients who are critically ill (Izadpanah and Khalili, 2015). Although various novel drugs have been developed commercially, the evolution of resistance among infectious agent is increasing, mainly in patients who undergo prolonged drug exposure (Liao et al., 2015). Nosocomial infections caused by extensively drug-resistant and MDR gram-negative pathogens represent a major threat worldwide (Karaiskos and Giamarellou, 2014).

One of the studies revealed that MDR bacteria isolated from the patients affected with urinary tract infection (UTI) from Jamshedpur city, Jharkhand and Shimoga city, Karnataka, India. This study depicted that enterobacteriaceae are the predominant causative organisms to cause UTI and 38.8% were MDR in Jamshedpur city, Jharkhand, India and 55.8% were MDR in Shimoga city, Karnataka, I...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• List of Contributors
• Series Preface: Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology
• Preface
• Chapter 1. Exploring the binding potential of carbon nanotubes and fullerene towards major drug targets of multidrug resistant bacterial pathogens and their utility as novel therapeutic agents
• Chapter 2. Biomedical applications of carbon nanotubes with improved properties
• Chapter 3. Prospects of carbon nanotubes as matrices for cell technologies
• Chapter 4. Emergence in the functionalized carbon nanotubes as smart nanocarriers for drug delivery applications
• Chapter 5. Carbon nanotubes as sorbent materials for the extraction of pharmaceutical products followed by chromatographic analysis
• Chapter 6. Carbon nanomaterials for electroanalysis in pharmaceutical applications
• Chapter 7. Carbon dots as a new class of light emitters for biomedical diagnostics and therapeutic applications
• Chapter 8. Graphene-based materials for application in pharmaceutical nanotechnology
• Chapter 9. Graphene-based nanomaterials in cancer treatment and diagnosis
• Chapter 10. Hybridized graphene nanomaterials for drug delivery, cyto-compatibility, and electrochemical biosensor application
• Chapter 11. Recent advances of graphene family nanomaterials for nanomedicine
• Chapter 12. Biopolymers-graphene oxide nanoplatelets composites with enhanced conductivity and biocompatibility suitable for tissue engineering applications
• Chapter 13. Functionalized graphene: An unique platform for biomedical application
• Chapter 14. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of graphene-based perioceuticals
• Chapter 15. Role of immune factors in bioavailability and toxicity of carbon nanomaterials
• Chapter 16. Carbonaceous nanostructures in hydrocarbons and polymeric aerobic oxidation mediums
• Index