Mesenchymal Stromal Cells as Tumor Stromal Modulators
eBook - ePub

Mesenchymal Stromal Cells as Tumor Stromal Modulators

  1. 642 pages
  2. English
  3. ePUB (mobile friendly)
  4. Available on iOS & Android
eBook - ePub

Mesenchymal Stromal Cells as Tumor Stromal Modulators

Book details
Book preview
Table of contents
Citations

About This Book

Mesenchymal stromal/ stem cells (MSCs) represent a heterogeneous cell population with immunomodulating, tissue repairing, differentiating, migratory and angiogenic abilities, making them important tools for clinical and translational research. An understanding of the role of MSCs in modulating tumor growth provides a glimpse into their role in non-pathological tissue remodeling and potential regenerative tissue therapies.

Mesenchymal Stromal Cells as Tumor Stromal Modulators is a comprehensive source for the understanding of the role of MSCs as ubiquitous connective tissue cell components, which may have both direct and indirect effects on the tumor microenvironment and potential for regenerative therapeutics for various diseases. Using cancer as a model disease, this book explores the transformative role MSCs play in the recruitment of disease cells, cell repair and immunological defenses.

  • Explores the biology of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and tissue related function
  • Discusses the bidirectional communication between tumor stroma and MSCs derived from bonemarrow, from adipose tissue and from other tissue types
  • Provides in-depth analysis of the effects of MSCs on key processes that regulate disease progression, such as angiogenesis, metastatic potential, invasion, proliferation, tumor immune privileges

Frequently asked questions

Simply head over to the account section in settings and click on “Cancel Subscription” - it’s as simple as that. After you cancel, your membership will stay active for the remainder of the time you’ve paid for. Learn more here.
At the moment all of our mobile-responsive ePub books are available to download via the app. Most of our PDFs are also available to download and we're working on making the final remaining ones downloadable now. Learn more here.
Both plans give you full access to the library and all of Perlego’s features. The only differences are the price and subscription period: With the annual plan you’ll save around 30% compared to 12 months on the monthly plan.
We are an online textbook subscription service, where you can get access to an entire online library for less than the price of a single book per month. With over 1 million books across 1000+ topics, we’ve got you covered! Learn more here.
Look out for the read-aloud symbol on your next book to see if you can listen to it. The read-aloud tool reads text aloud for you, highlighting the text as it is being read. You can pause it, speed it up and slow it down. Learn more here.
Yes, you can access Mesenchymal Stromal Cells as Tumor Stromal Modulators by Marcela Bolontrade,Mariana García in PDF and/or ePUB format, as well as other popular books in Medicine & Oncology. We have over one million books available in our catalogue for you to explore.

Information

Publisher
Academic Press
Year
2016
ISBN
9780128031032
Topic
Medicine
Subtopic
Oncology
1

What Are Mesenchymal Stromal Cells? Origin and Discovery of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells

J. Domenech1,2 1François Rabelais University, Tours, France 2University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France

Abstract

The concept of the “mesenchymal stromal cell” (MSC) has emerged following a number of studies starting from the middle of the 19th century that led to the discovery of the intrinsic osteogenic potential of bone marrow (BM) cells and their capacity to support hematopoiesis. Thus, a relationship was established between bone formation and the development of hematopoiesis. A mesenchymal precursor cell was identified in BM that displays differentiation potential towards osteocytic, chondrocytic, and adipocytic lineages and hematopoiesis-supporting capacity. Currently, “mesenchymal stromal cell” is the most commonly accepted term for this cell type. Thereafter, the concept of “hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niche” was developed. This is a specific place where BM stromal cells are in intimate contact with HSCs to control their behavior. Very recently published data have helped to better characterize in vivo the cellular composition and anatomical localization of the HSC niche. Initially described in BM, MSCs have been found in almost all pre- and postnatal tissues. The actual interest for MSCs is mainly due to their multipotency ability with and thus their potential use for tissue repair, as well as their contribution to tumoral niches that could represent new antitumoral therapy targets.

Keywords

Bone marrow; Function; Hematopoietic stem cell; History; Mesenchymal stromal cell; Microenvironment; Niche; Phenotype

Introduction

The concept of the “mesenchymal stromal cell” (MSC) has gained importance in recent years, after a number of studies that led to the discovery of the osteogenic potential of bone marrow (BM) cells and their capacity to support hematopoiesis. Thus, a hematopoietic “niche” has been characterized in vivo in terms of cellular composition and anatomical localization in BM. MSCs, which represent the main organizer of the niche, have been used as an outstanding model of adult stem cells to study cell stemness and mesenchymal differentiation. Initially described in BM, MSCs have been found in almost all pre- and postnatal tissues. The actual interest for MSCs is mainly due to their multipotency that could be exploited for clinical applications in tissue repair and to their contribution to the formation of niches for tumor cells both of hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic origin (that could constitute new antitumoral therapy targets). This chapter will present the history of MSC discovery and the evolution of the concept, their key features (phenotype and function), the description of the BM niche and the other tissues in which they reside.

The Discovery of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Bone Marrow

The Osteogenic Potential of Bone Marrow Cells, a Feature Already Described in the 19th Century

In the middle of the 19th century, a nonhematopoietic cell population within the hematopoietic bone marrow (BM) was described by the German pathologist Julius Friedrich Cohneim.1 Using animal experiments, he demonstrated that adherent fibroblastoid cells migrated from the BM toward sites of tissue injury, suggesting the existence of BM “mesenchymal precursor cells.” Almost at the same time, Emile Goujon demonstrated the intrinsic osteogenic potential of BM cells2 by performing heterotopic autologous transplantation experiments in rabbits and chickens. These experiments showed that bone tissue could form in skeletal muscles in which red marrow was locally transplanted.

The Emerging Concept of “Hematopoietic Stem Cells”

Almost one century later, Till and McCulloch’s seminal works showed that the different hematopoietic cell lineages originate from BM multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) rather than from lineage-specific stem cells.3,4 Specifically, they observed “regeneration nodules” in the spleen of mice transplanted with BM cells after exposure to a lethal dose of radiation. Some of these nodules contained erythrocytic, granulocytic, and megakaryocytic cells and their clonal nature was confirmed by the presence of the same chromosomal alterations induced by low-dose irradiation in the donor BM cells before transplantation. The cells giving rise to these nodules were named “colony-forming units in spleen” (CFU-S).

The Discovery of a Common Mesenchymal Precursor in Bone Marrow

It took many years to elucidate the cellular origin of the BM nonhematopoietic fraction described by Emile Goujon. In 1968, Tavassoli and Crosby confirmed his results by transplanting autologous BM fragments in various extramedullary sites.5 They showed that in these transplant sites, bone originated from surviving reticular cells that differentiated into osteoblasts (OBs) responsible for bone formation. In addition, these reticular cells participated in the reconstruction of BM microcirculation before hematopoietic repopulation. However, these studies were performed with whole BM fragments and did not allow identifying the precise nature of the putative bone cell progenitor. A few years later, Alexander Friedenstein provided the first evidence of an OB and fibrous tissue precursor in rodent BM that displayed a fibroblastoid phenotype and clonogenic potential in vitro.6,7 Such precursor cells could be separated from hematopoietic cells in BM and spleen tissues due to their ability to rapidly adhere to plastic tissue culture dishes. After 1–2 weeks, such cells seeded at low density in basic serum-containing culture medium (without any growth-stimulating factor) generated discrete colonies consisting of spindle-shaped cells with fibrobla...

Table of contents

  1. Cover image
  2. Title page
  3. Table of Contents
  4. Copyright
  5. List of Contributors
  6. Preface
  7. 1. What Are Mesenchymal Stromal Cells? Origin and Discovery of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
  8. 2. Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells From Adult Tissues
  9. 3. Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells From Neonatal Tissues
  10. 4. Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Derived From Pluripotent Stem Cells
  11. 5. Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells as Biological Factories
  12. 6. MSC Recruitment From Distant and Local Tissues in Homeostasis and Tissue Remodeling
  13. 7. Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell Trafficking and Homing
  14. 8. Tumor-Secreted Factors That Induce Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Chemotaxis
  15. 9. Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Recruitment by Gastrointestinal Carcinomas
  16. 10. Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell Recruitment by Central Nervous System Tumors
  17. 11. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transition to Tumor-Associated Stromal Cells Contributes to Cancer Progression
  18. 12. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Tumor Angiogenesis
  19. 13. Role of MSCs in Antitumor Drug Resistance
  20. 14. Multifunctional Roles of Tumor-Associated Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Cancer Progression
  21. 15. Mesenchymal Stem Cells as Regulators of the Bone Marrow and Bone Components
  22. 16. The Bone Marrow Microenvironment as a Regulator of Tumor Dormancy
  23. 17. Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells and the Tumor Immune System
  24. 18. The Inflammatory Environment and Its Effects on Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells
  25. 19. All Aboard: Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells as Cell Carriers for Virotherapy
  26. 20. Engineered Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells for Cellular Therapies
  27. 21. Extracellular Vesicles From Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Potential in Tumor Therapy
  28. 22. Therapeutic Purposes and Risks of Ex Vivo Expanded Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells
  29. 23. Concluding Remarks
  30. Index