Animals and Environmental Fitness: Physiological and Biochemical Aspects of Adaptation and Ecology

Abstracts

R. Gilles

• Publisher: Pergamon
• Year: 2013
• ISBN:
  9781483157856
• Topic: Biological Sciences
• Subtopic: Zoology
• Index: Biological Sciences

Animals and Environmental Fitness: Physiological and Biochemical Aspects of Adaptation and Ecology, Volume 2 contains the proceedings of the First Conference of the European Society for Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry held in Liège, Belgium, on August 27-31, 1979. The papers explore the physiology and biochemistry of animal adaptation and ecology and cover topics ranging from amino acid transport and metabolism during osmotic shock to the role of organic compounds in osmoregulation in plants and animals. This volume is comprised of 89 chapters and begins with an analysis of the transport and metabolism of amino acids under osmotic stress, followed by a discussion on cell volume regulation in isolated heart ventricles from the flounder, Platichthys flesus, perfused with anisosmotic media. Subsequent chapters focus on the effects of cholinergic drugs on the osmotic fragility of erythrocytes; strategies of osmoregulation in the fiddler crab Uca pugilator; ionic regulation in the African catfish Clarias mossambicus in water and air; and environmental and endocrine factors controlling osmotic water fluxes in gills of Sarotherodon (tilapia) mossambicus. The effect of seawater adaptation on the phosphatidyl-choline metabolism in the eel is also considered, along with evaporative water loss in anuran amphibians. This book will be of value to zoologists, physiologists, biologists, and biochemists.

AMINO ACID TRANSPORT AND METABOLISM DURING OSMOTIC SHOCK IN EHRLICH ASCITES TUMOR CELLS

I.H. Lambert and E.K. Hoffmann,     Inst. Biol. Chem. A, August Krogh Institute, University of Copenhagen 13, Universitetsparken, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark

Publisher Summary

The participation of the amino acid pool in the regulation of osmotic equilibrium that the cell maintains with its surrounding fluid is a well known phenomenon. The modification of the transport parameters and the intracellular metabolism of the amino acids have been proposed as the two main mechanisms implicated in the regulation of the amino acid concentration that takes place during the cellular volume readjustment, which follows an osmotic stress. This chapter discusses a study to examine amino acid transport and metabolism mechanisms during osmotic shock in Ehrilich ascites tumor cells. The largest changes under osmotic stress were recorded in concentrations of small nonessential amino acids and taurine, with the greatest changes found in alanine, glycine, and taurine.

The participation of the amino acid pool in the regulation of osmotic equilibrium that the cell maintains with its surrounding fluid, is a wellknown phenomenon (see Gilles 1979, Hoffmann 1977). Modification of the transport parameters and the intracellular metabolism of the amino acids have been proposed as the two main mechanisms implicated in the regulation of the amino acid concentration that takes place during the cellular volume readjustment which follows an osmotic stress (Gilles 1979). We have therefore undertaken a study on an effort to characterize those mechanisms in Ehrlich Ascites tumor cells where amino acids are found to be active in the osmoregulation (Hoffmann and Hendil 1976).

The largest changes under osmotic stress were recorded in concentrations of small nonessential amino acids and taurine, with the greatest changes found in alanine, glycine and taurine (Hoffmann and Hendil 1976). This report therefore deals more specifically with the transport and metabolism of these.

Metabolism.

To distinguish the effect of alteration in extracellular osmolarity from the effect of reduction in extracellular ionic concentration during hypoosmotic stress, we compared results from cells in five different types of media:(A) control medium with unchanged ion concentration and unchanged osmolarity.(B) & (C) salt solution diluted with distilled water in order to lower both ion concentration and total osmolarity to respectively 75% and 50% of the control values.(D) & (E) salt solution diluted with sucrose solution in order to decrease ion concentration as in (B) and (C) respectively, but maintaining solutions isotonic with the control medium. All measurements were made after the cells had reached their new steady state volume. By comparing (B) with (D) and (C) with (E) we observed the effect of osmotic changes. By comparing (A) with (D) or (E) we observed the the effect of reduction in ion concentration.

The direct method of Warburg (Umbreit-Burris-Stauffer 1964) was used to estimate the oxygen consumption and the total carbon dioxide production. The production of 14C-CO₂ from labelled amino acids was measured by addition of the 14C-amino acids to the cell suspension in Warburg vessels, and collecting all the produced carbon dioxide on a filterpaper, moistened with KOH. The respiratory quotient (RQ) is calculated as carbon dioxide-production divided by the oxygen-consumption.

The Warburg experiments showed that:

(1) During hypoosmotic stress the RQ-values increase as a result of a reduction in oxygen consumption (induced by reduction in ion concentration) and an increase in carbon dioxide production (induced by reduction in osmolarity).

(2) Glycine and Alanine, but not taurine, can be oxidized to carbon dioxide by Ehrlich Ascites cells.

(3) During hypoosmotic stress there is an increased 14C-CO₂ production from 14C-alanine, while 14C-CO₂production from 14C-glycine is unchanged.

(4) The 14C-CO₂ specific activity for alanine increases significantly when the medium is diluted to 75% of its normal value (medium B).

This indicates that the Ehrlich Ascites cells withstand a hypoosmotic stress partly by a modification in the mechanisms controlling the catabolic activity of alanine and a general modification of the related oxidative metabolism.

Pump and leak parameters.

Influx and efflux were measured as initial rate fluxes, i.e. 6-8 samples were taken during the first minute after addition of the amino acid by a filter technique (Hoffmann et a1 1979)

Results showed that a decrease in ion concentration with unchanged osmolarity had no significant effect on the leak permeability of either glycin or taurin. At 50% the active uptake of glycine decreases whereas the active uptake of taurine increases ionic concentration.

On the other hand, a decrease in osmolarity with unchanged ion concentration, increased the permeability and decreased the active uptake of both glycine and taurine.

Conclusion.

This report shows that the decrease seen in the pool of nonessential amino acids and taurine under hypoosmotic conditions is achieved partly by an increased oxidation of e.g. alanine, and partly by an increased permeability to some amino acids as well as an decreased pump rate for the same amino acids. These selective changes in transport parameters are induced in Ehrlich Ascites tumor cells by changes in the cell volume.

Gilles, R.Mechanisms of Osmoregulation in Animals. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1979.

Hoffmann, Else K.Control of Cell volume, from Transport of Ions and Water in Animals. London: Academic Press Inc., 1977.

Else Hoffmann, K., Hendil, K. The Role of Amino Acids and Taurine in Isosmotic Intracellular Regulation in Ehrlich Ascites Mouse Tumor Cells. J. comp. Physiol.. 1976; 108:289. [286, (1976)].

Else Hoffmann, K., Lars Simonsen, O., Sjøholm, Carsten. Membrane Potential, Chloride Exchange, and Chloride Conductance in Ehrlich Ascites Tumor Cells. J. comp. Physiol.. 1979. [in print].

Umbreit, W.W., Burris, R.H., Stauffer, J.F. Manometric techniques, fourth edition. Burgess Publishing Company, 1964.

CELL VOLUME REGULATION IN ISOLATED HEART VENTRICLES FROM THE FLOUNDER, PLATICHTHYS FLESUS, PERFUSED WITH ANISOSMOTIC MEDIA

T. Vislie, Zoological Institute, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo 3, Norway

Publisher Summary

This chapter discusses a study that deals with the cell volume regulation mechanism in isolated, heating heart ventricles from seawater and freshwater adapted flounders perfused with hyposmotic and hyperosmotic saline, respectively. Hearts from both sea water and fresh water adapted flounders were used as controls, perfused with salines isosmotic to the plasma. In both these control groups, the tissue water content and the intracellular concentrations of solutes in heart ventricles showed only small variations and were consistent with the values found in vivo. Thus, the perfusion procedure, per se seemed to have no effect on the ventricle musculature, which could influence the results. However, the water content of heart ventricles from sea water flounders, submitted to the hyposmotic saline, increased to a maximal value within 60 min, which subsequently was followed by a shrinkage to a new steady level within 6 hrs.

Adapting sea water flounders, Platichthys flesus, to fresh water the plasma osmolality decreases about 20% (V...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Inside Front Cover
• Copyright
• Chapter 1: AMINO ACID TRANSPORT AND METABOLISM DURING OSMOTIC SHOCK IN EHRLICH ASCITES TUMOR CELLS
• Chapter 2: CELL VOLUME REGULATION IN ISOLATED HEART VENTRICLES FROM THE FLOUNDER, PLATICHTHYS FLESUS, PERFUSED WITH ANISOSMOTIC MEDIA
• Chapter 3: EFFECTS OF CHOLINERGIC DRUGS ON THE OSMOTIC FRAGILITY OF ERYTHROCYTES
• Chapter 4: EFFECT OF VARIOUS HYPO- AND ISOTONIC SALINES ON THE K+ INTRACELLULAR CONTENT OF CARCINUS MAENAS ISOLATED AXONS
• Chapter 5: COMPARATIVE ROLE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN OSMOREGULATION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
• Chapter 6: STRATEGIES OF OSMOREGULATION IN THE FIDDLER CRAB UCA PUGILATOR: BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE MEMBRANES OF THE GILLS AND ALTERATIONS IN THE CONCENTRATION OF SODIUM IN THE HEMOLYMPH
• Chapter 7: FINE STRUCTURE OF SALT-ABSORBING EPITHELIUM IN GILLS OF THE CRAB ERIOCHEIR SINENSIS ACCLIMATED TO FRESH WATER
• Chapter 8: LIPID COMPOSITION OF MITOCHONDRIAL FRACTIONS ISOLATED FROM PERFUSED GILLS OF CHINESE CRAB ERIOCHEIR SINENSIS AS RELATED TO THE SALINITY OF THE ENVIRONMENT
• Chapter 9: EFFECTS OF OUABAIN AND ETHACRYNATE ON Na+ FLUXES ACROSS ISOLATED PERFUSED GILLS OF THE EURYHALINE CRAB ERIOCHEIR SINENIS ACCLIMATED TO FRESH WATER
• Chapter 10: IONIC REGULATION IN THE AFRICAN CATFISH CLARIAS MOSSAMBICUS IN WATER AND IN AIR
• Chapter 11: CHLORIDE TRANSPORT BY THE GILLS OF THE SEA-WATER ADAPTED EEL, ANGUILLA ANGUILLA L., IN VIVO, UNDER CONTROLLED ION BALANCE
• Chapter 12: ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENDOCRINE FACTORS CONTROLLING OSMOTIC WATER FLUXES IN GILLS OF SAROTHERODON (TILAPIA) MOSSAMBICUS
• Chapter 13: ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES CONTENT AND METABOLIC RATE IN TROUT GILL DURING OSMOTIC WORK
• Chapter 14: EFFECT OF SEA WATER ADAPTATION ON THE PHOSPHATIDYL-CHOLINE METABOLISM IN THE EEL
• Chapter 15: WATER AND ELECTROLYTE PERMEABILITY OF THE LUNG-FISH GILL
• Chapter 16: EVAPORATIVE WATER LOSS IN ANURAN AMPHIBIANS IS NOT ADAPTIVE
• Chapter 17: ELECTROOSMOTIC UPTAKE OF WATER VAPOUR BY LEPISMA
• Chapter 18: EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL pH ON THE SODIUM AND CHLORIDE INFLUX IN AN INHABITANT OF ACID WATERS: THE WATERBUG CORIXA PUNCTATA (ILLIG.) (INSECTA, HEMIPTERA)
• Chapter 19: THE RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY OF ADULT ARTEMIA SALINA L. IN RELATION TO OXYGEN AVAILABILITY
• Chapter 20: CONTROL OF BRANCHIAL BLOOD FLOW IN THE ATLANTIC COD, GADUS MORHUA
• Chapter 21: THE RANGE OF VENTILATION MECHANISMS IN FISHES
• Chapter 22: ASPECTS OF THE COMPARATIVE RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD IN SOME WILD BIRDS
• Chapter 23: HEMOGLOBIN PROPORTIONS IN FRESHWATER OF SEA RUN AND ARTIFICIALLY LANDLOCKED ADULT ATLANTIC SALMON (SALMO SALAR L.)
• Chapter 24: THE FINE STRUCTURE OF O2 Hb BINDING IN ANIMALS: SALMO IRIDEUS
• Chapter 25: OXYGENATION-LINKED BINDING OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND ALLOSTERIC PHOSPHATE COFACTORS BY LUNGFISH HEMOGLOBIN
• Chapter 26: COMPARATIVE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ONISCOIDEA HEMOCYANINS (CRUSTACEA, TERRESTRIAL ISOPODS)
• Chapter 27: TISSUE-SPECIFIC ISOZYMES OF OCTOPINE DEHYDROGENASE FROM MANTLE MUSCLE AND OPTIC LOBE OF LOLIGO VULGARIS AND OCTOPINE METABOLISM
• Chapter 28: FLEXIBILITY IN ANAEROBIC METABOLISM IN MYTILUS EDULIS L. I. ORGAN SPECIFIC DIFFERENCES IN ATP-GENERATING SYSTEMS
• Chapter 29: FLEXIBILITY IN ANAEROBIC METABOLISM IN MYTILUS EDULIS L. II. REGULATORY ASPECTS OF GLYCOLYSIS
• Chapter 30: THE INFLUENCE OF SEASONAL CHANGES ON ENERGY METABOLISM IN MYTILUS EDULIS (L.)
• Chapter 31: TOTAL METABOLISM OF BIVALVE MOLLUSCS DURING TRANSITION TO ANOXIA
• Chapter 32: MIDGUT GLAND HEXOKINASE ISOZYMES FROM THE MUSSEL MYTILUS GALLOPROVINCIALIS
• Chapter 33: METABOLIC RESPONSES OF A SEA ANEMONE TO HYPOXIA AND AIR EXPOSURE
• Chapter 34: LACTATE - THE PREFERRED AEROBIC FUEL OF METABOLISM OF THE FISH HEART
• Chapter 35: LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE ADAPTATION TO VARIATIONS OF OXYGEN TENSION IN DISCOGLOSSUS PICTUS LARVAE
• Chapter 36: ACTIVITIES OF SOME ENZYMES ASSOCIATED WITH ENERGY YIELDING METABOLISM IN THREE ECOLOGICALLY DISSIMILAR SPECIES OF MARINE BENTHIC POLYCHAETE WORMS
• Chapter 37: RELATIONS BETWEEN THE RELEASE OF ENZYMES AND MYOGLOBIN UNDER ANOXIA: A STUDY WITH THE ISOLATED GUINEA PIG HEART, INCLUDING SOME REMARKS ON CLINICAL FINDINGS
• Chapter 38: SPECIES DIFFERENCES IN EDEMA FORMATION AND ENERGY METABOLISM OF THE HEART MUSCLE DURING AEROBIOSIS AND ANAEROBIOSIS
• Chapter 39: COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF MERCURIC CHLORIDE, METHYLMERCURIC CHLORIDE AND ANOXIA ON ISOLATED GILLS OF THE EEL ANGUILLA ANGUILLA
• Chapter 40: REGULATION AND ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN EUGLENA GRACILIS
• Chapter 41: RAPID INDUCTION OF COPPER-BINDING PROTEINS IN THE GILLS OF METAL EXPOSED MUSSELS
• Chapter 42: CADMIUM ACCUMULATION CORRELATED WITH INCREASE IN METALLOTHIONEINS CONCENTRATION IN THE LIMPET PATELLA CAERULEA
• Chapter 43: TOXICITY AND RETENTION OF DDT IN ADULT FROGS, RANA TEMPORARIA
• Chapter 44: INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE ICHTHYO-FAUNA OF THE LOWER ELBE RIVER
• Chapter 45: INTERLAKE DIFFERENCES IN GROWTH, THYROID PHYSIOLOGY AND BLOOD CHEMISTRY OF COHO SALMON (Oncorhynchus kisutch) IN THE GREAT LAKES OF NORTH AMERICA: EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION?
• Chapter 46: INFLUENCE OF HOMOGENEOUSLY APPLIED OLFACTORY STIMULI ON PHOTOTAXIS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
• Chapter 47: CHEMICAL ORIENTATION OF RHIZOPHAGUS GRANDIS (COLEOPTERA: RHIZOPHAGIDAE) TOWARDS MATES, AND TOWARDS PREYS: DENDROCTONUS MICANS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
• Chapter 48: BROWN FAT THERMOREGULATION IN DEVELOPING AND COLD ADAPTED RATS AND HAMSTERS
• Chapter 49: NEW RESULTS ON OCCURRENCE AND FUNCTION OF ANTIFREEZE PROTEINS
• Chapter 50: THERMAL COMPENSATION IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN PALAEMON SERRATUS (CRUSTACEA NATANTIA)
• Chapter 51: SHORT AND LONG-TERM TEMPERATURE ADAPTATION OF THE MUSCLE LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE IN PALAEMON SERRATUS
• Chapter 52: EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON THE CATALYTIC PROPERTIES OF MIDGUT GLAND 6-PHOSPHOGLUCONATE DEHYDROGENASE FROM MYTILUS GALLOPROVINCIALIS
• Chapter 53: TEMPERATURE ADAPTATION IN FISH MUSCLE
• Chapter 54: TEMPERATURE EFFECT ON CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN FISH BRAIN
• Chapter 55: THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON ANILINE HYDROXYLATION IN THE LIVER OF FISH
• Chapter 56: SEASONAL CHANGES ON LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED TISSUES IN DISCOGLOSSUS PICTUS PICTUS OTTH. (ANURAN AMPHIBIA)
• Chapter 57: THE HOMEOVISCOUS ADAPTATION OF CELLULAR MEMBRANES DURING THERMAL ACCLIMATION
• Chapter 58: THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF MEMBRANE-BOUND Mg2+ -ACTIVATED ATPase IN THE CONTROL OF CELL PERMEABILITY DURING TEMPERATURE ADAPTATION
• Chapter 59: EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ACCLIMATION ON GOLDFISH (CARASSIUS AURATUS) INTESTINAL TRANSPORT
• Chapter 60: TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON Na+ TRANSEPITHELIAL FLUXES AND (Na+ -K+)-ATPase ACTIVITY IN THE INTESTINAL MUCOSA OF ACTIVE AND HIBERNATING TORTOISES
• Chapter 61: SEASONAL VARIATION IN LIPIDS, PHOSPHOLIDS AND CONSTITUENT FATTY ACIDS IN THE INTESTINAL MUCOSA OF THE TORTOISE
• Chapter 62: TEMPERATURE ADAPTATION IN THE RED CELL MEMBRANE OF THE CARP (CYPRINUS CARPIO L.): LIPID COMPOSITION, FLUIDITY, AND PROPERTIES OF THE (NaK)-ATPase
• Chapter 63: COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF THE LIPID COMPOSITION OF DECAPODS FROM WARM, TEMPERATE AND POLAR WATERS
• Chapter 64: EFFECTS OF HIGH HYDROSTATIC PRESSURES ON IONS PERMEABILITY OF ISOLATED GILLS FROM SEA WATER ACCLIMATED EELS ANGUILLA ANGUILLA
• Chapter 65: HEMATOLOGIC AND BIOCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF SIMULATED HIGH ALTITUDE ON THE GUINEA PIG AND PIGEON
• Chapter 66: RESTRICTION OF MECHANICAL ACTIVITY PRODUCED BY HIGH SOUND PRESSURES ON VARIOUS MUSCLE TYPES. EXPERIMENTS WITH UNDERWATER SOUND OR DIRECT VIBRATION ON ISOLATED PREPARATIONS OF SMOOTH, CARDIAC, AND SKELETAL MUSCLE OF GUINEA PIGS, RABBITS, AND FROGS
• Chapter 67: PATTERNS OF ENZYME ACTIVITY OF ENERGY RELEASING METABOLISM IN COMPOUND EYES
• Chapter 68: A CELLULAR ANALYSIS OF CHROMATOPHORE INTERACTION IN PLEURONECTID CAMOUFLAGE
• Chapter 69: MODELS FOR DIRECTIONAL FEATURE EXTRACTION IN CELESTIAL POLARIZATION PATTERNS BY INSECTS
• Chapter 70: THE RATIO G6PDH/6PGDH AS A MARKER IN BIOCHEMICAL TAXONOMY
• Chapter 71: THE METABOLIC EXPONENT AS A FRACTAL DIMENSION
• Chapter 72: SEPARATION AND COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIFFERENT N-ACETYL-β-D-HEXOSAMINIDASE FORMS FROM FICUS LATEX, PLANARIAN AND NEWBORN PIGLETS
• Chapter 73: THE LOCALIZATION OF N-ACETYL-β-D-GLUCOSAMINIDASE IN PLANARIAN DUGESIA LUGUBRIS
• Chapter 74: EVIDENCE FOR A PEPTIDIC AMP DEAMINASE ACTIVATOR IN THE GILL OF TROUT (SALMO GAIRDNERI R.)
• Chapter 75: EFFECTS OF pH and PHOSPHATE IONS ON THE ADENOSINE DEAMINASE FROM THE MARINE CLAM, TAPES PHILIPPINARUM
• Chapter 76: STRUCTURAL, ULTRASTRUCTURAL AND BIOCHEMICAL MODIFICATIONS IN RANA RIDIBUNDA LARVAE’S LIVER, RECEIVING DIFFERENT DIETS
• Chapter 77: CHANGES IN THE PLASMA FUEL LEVELS AND BODY TEMPERATURE DURING THE BREEDING FASTING IN THE MALE EMPEROR PENGUIN, APTENODYTES FORSTERI
• Chapter 78: EFFECT OF DIET AND INSULIN ON G6PD AND H6PD ACTIVITY OF RAT LIVER
• Chapter 79: SKIN DIGESTION IN BIVALVE MOLLUSCS AND ITS RELATION TO AMINO ACID ABSORPTION FROM SEA WATER
• Chapter 80: THE PASSAGE OF MACROMOLECULES DERIVED FROM DIETARY PROTEIN THROUGH THE GUT WALL AND OTHER BARRIERS
• Chapter 81: ANALYTICAL AND DENSITY GRADIENT ULTRACENTRIFUGATION AS COMPLEMENTARY TOOLS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF PLASMA LIPOPROTEIN PROFILES IN SOME WILD EUROPEAN MAMMALS
• Chapter 82: ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM OF D-GLUCOSE BY DIFFERENT INTESTINAL SEGMENTS OF THE SLUG ARION EMPIRICORUM F. (GASTROPODA, PULMONATA)
• Chapter 83: ON THE ADRENERGIC CONTROL OF THE TELEOST HEART
• Chapter 84: VARIATIONS OF HEART RATE IN BEHAVIOURAL PATTERNS AND SPECIFIC STIMULATION IN HERMIT CRABS
• Chapter 85: LOCUSTA MIGRATORIA: CHARACTERISATION OF PROTEINS FROM MITOCHONDRIA BY TWO-DIMENSIONAL GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
• Chapter 86: EFFECT OF N-ALCOHOLS AND HIGH PRESSURE ON THE HEAT ACTIVATION OF THE SPORES OF PHYCOMYCES BLAKESLEEANUS
• Chapter 87: TRANSPORT MECHANISM OF PLASMA IRON IN HENS AND PIGEONS
• Chapter 88: AN EVALUATION OF THE INTER- AND INTRAINDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS OF VARIANCE OF ENZYME ACTIVITIES IN RAT PLASMA
• Chapter 89: PHOSPHOLIPIDS, FATTY ACIDS, FREE AMINO ACIDS AND PROTEIC AMINO ACIDS IN ZOOPLANCTON FROM THE STRAIGHT OF DOVER (NORTH SEA)
• AUTHOR INDEX
• SUBJECT INDEX
• TAXONOMIC INDEX