Nanobiomaterials in Galenic Formulations and Cosmetics

Applications of Nanobiomaterials

Alexandru Grumezescu

• Publisher: William Andrew
• Year: 2016
• ISBN:
  9780323428910
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Materials Science
• Index: Technology & Engineering

Nanobiomaterials in Galenic Formulations and Cosmetics: Applications of Nanobiomaterials is one of the first books on the market related to the application of nanotechnology in galenic formulations and cosmetics. This book provides the results of current research for those working in an applied setting. The advantage of having all this information in one coherent text is the focused nature of the chapters and the ease of which this information can be accessed.

This collection of titles brings together many of the novel applications these materials have in biology, and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each application and the perspectives of the technologies based on these findings. At the moment there is no other comparable book series covering all the subjects approached in this set of titles.

• Offers an updated and highly structured reference material for students, researchers, and practitioners working in biomedical, biotechnological, and engineering fields
• Serves as a valuable resource of recent scientific progress, along with most known applications of nanomaterials in the biomedical field
• Features novel opportunities and ideas for developing or improving technologies in nanomedicine and nanobiology

Chapter 1

Advances in nanobiomaterials for topical administrations: new galenic and cosmetic formulations

Patrícia Severino¹, Joana F. Fangueiro², Marco V. Chaud³, Juliana Cordeiro¹, Amélia M. Silva^4,5 and Eliana B. Souto^2,6, ¹University of Tiradentes and Institute of Technology and Research, Aracaju, Brazil, ²Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Coimbra, Portugal, ³Laboratory for Development and Evaluation of Bioactive Substances, Sorocaba University (UNISO), São Paulo, Brazil, ⁴Department of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal, ⁵Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB, UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal, ⁶Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

Abstract

Nanomaterials are systems with at least one external dimension in the size range of approximately 1–100 nm (or 10⁻⁹–10⁻⁷ m). Nanoscale modifies the chemical, physical, and biological properties of the raw material, resulting in a wide diversity of applications, for example, drug delivery, diagnostics, implants, biosensors, medical imaging, and tissue engineering. Among the cosmetic and galenic formulations for topical administration, nanomaterials are being employed with the purpose of protection of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) from degradation, to improve the local action and to avoid the API penetration into the bloodstream, thus reducing the risk of systemic effects and toxicity. The most popular nanomaterials for topical application are based on lipid or polymeric nanoparticles, while others containing metals are mainly used for diagnostic purposes and imaging analysis. Of particular relevance are those composed of biodegradable and biocompatible raw materials (so-called nanobiomaterials), making them attractive for the formulation of topical pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. This chapter summarizes the recent advances in nanobiomaterials and their applications in galenic and cosmetic formulations.

Keywords

Drug-delivery systems; cosmetic formulations; galenic formulations; nanobiomaterials; topical administration

1.1 Introduction

The use of biodegradable materials in the formulations of products for skin application has been carried out since the eighteenth century. This area is becoming even more popular with the development of innovative and cutting-edge materials with improved biodegradability and higher skin compatibility.

Cosmetic and galenic formulations for topical application allow a local action and may avoid penetration of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) into the bloodstream. In certain cases, this strategy is desirable to avoid the systemic effects of powerful APIs, which cannot be achieved with oral and parenteral administration. Therefore, topical administration is able to maintain the therapeutic level of the bioactive in the site of action and reduce the administration frequency. Topical administration of APIs can have cosmetic or pharmaceutical purposes. Generally, formulations with cosmetic purposes are used for aesthetic reasons, for example, to modify the appearance of the skin, and to protect and clean the skin. Pharmaceutical formulations are those that cure, treat, mitigate/prevent disease or affect the structure or function of the human body to treat or cure some pathology. Due to the systematic combination of both in the same product, the term more appropriately adopted is “cosmeceutical” product, which has the major goals of improving skin condition and health. However, the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act does not recognize this terminology, and the cosmetic industry uses the term “cosmeceutical” to refer to cosmetic products that have medicinal or drug-like benefits. Additionally, drugs are subject to a review and approval process by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), while cosmetics are not approved (FDA, 2014).

The APIs mostly applied in cosmetic formulations include depigmenting agents (Leelapornpisid et al., 2010; Dadzie and Petit, 2009), antioxidants (Leelapornpisid et al., 2010; Gokce et al., 2012), skin renewal agents (Dashora, 2013), ultraviolet (UV)-blockers, and sunscreens (Severino et al., 2012b; Souto et al., 2005). The most common APIs delivered by pharmaceutical formulations to the skin include corticosteroids (Ramsing and Agner, 1995), retinoids (Moon et al., 1997), antimicrobial and antimycotic agents (El-Badry et al., 2014; Sahoo et al., 2014; Verma et al., 2014), immune-suppressants (Euvrard et al., 2004), anesthetics (Pathak and Nagarsenker, 2009), and antipruritic agents (Wahlgren et al., 1990).

The advantages of using nanobiomaterials for skin delivery and targeting rely on the use of non-toxic, biodegradable, and biocompatible materials, with rapid and reversible onset of action, and that are pharmacologically inert (Souto et al., 2011, 2013). Additionally, nanobiomaterials enable an increase in bioactive skin exposure, decreasing the necessity for treatment frequency (Simeonova et al., 2003).

1.2 Skin as Site for Topical Delivery

The skin is the largest body organ and, due to its large area, remains an attractive site for the delivery of APIs (Souto and Müller, 2008). The skin is responsible for various functions, such as sensitivity, physical protection, immunological and microbiological control, temperature regulation, prevention of excessive water loss, and production of vitamin D. The human skin is composed of cells and cutaneous annexes (hair follicles, nails, and gland), and can be divided into three basic layers: the epidermal layer (the outer most layer, populated mostly by keratinocytes), the dermal layer (consisting of two regions, the papillary dermis and reticular dermis), and the hypodermis or subcutaneous fat layer (mostly composed of fibroblasts, adipose cells, and macrophages) (Mikesh et al., 2013).

Briefly, the epidermis (50–100 μm in thickness) is composed of epithelial cells distributed in layers which, from inside to outside, are classified as germinal or basal, spinous, and granular corneal layers, respectively. In the palmar and plantar regions, between the cornea and granulosa layers, lies the lucid layer (WHO, 2009). The germ layer gradually reaches the surface, undergoing changes in form and chemical composition to become anucleate, composing the stratum corneum (SC) and forming the outermost layer of the epidermis. The region below the SC, in which the cells proliferate and undergo changes, gives rise to dead cells of the SC, and is called viable epidermis (Venus et al., 2010).

The dermis (1–2 mm in thickness) is the tissue located beneath the epidermis. This layer is composed of glands, nerve endings, blood vessels, some cell types such as fibroblasts, collagen, and elastin fibers. The deepest layer is the hypodermis, with variable thickness and mostly formed by adipocytes (Zhai and Zhai, 2014).

The topical administration of galenic and cosmetic formulations based on nanobiomaterials seems to have high efficiency due to the large surface area of skin contributing to their adhesiveness, occlusion, and hydration capacity (Alvarez-Román et al., 2004). Therefore, it is necessary to consider physicochemical properties, such as zeta potential, polydispersity index, size, type of nanomaterial, loading efficiency, and administration route (Desai et al., 2010).

Depending on the effect required for a certain API, that is, local (epidermis) or systemic (dermis), its permeation could be modulated. Formulations for cosmetic purposes can only exert local action/effect in the skin surface such as make-up, film formers, sunscreens, insect repellents, antimicrobials, and antifungals. Other treatments include the interactions with the SC, which are related to the softness and stimulation of keratosis (keratolytic effect). In this case, it is expected that these substances do not reach the viable epidermis, because they should only affect the outermost layer of the skin, in contrast to bioactive substances such as anti-inflammatory, anesthetic, antipruritic, cytotoxic, and immunosuppressive agents, which should be able to reach the viable epidermis and dermis. Beside the skin layers, there are situations where substances need to target the skin appendages, such as glands (sebaceous and eccrine) and hair follicles (Schoellhammer et al., 2014).

The skin provides immunological, physical, and UV protection (Salmon et al., 1994). The first barrier of the skin, namely the SC, is highly impermeable mainly due to two factors: (1) SC is composed of keratinocytes which are arranged in a scaffold-like lattice, bound together by the fibrous proteins and (2) the intercellular spaces are filled with a lipid-rich matrix arranged in a laminar structure providing a robust and waterproofing barrier (Venus et al., 2010).

The immunological protection is provided by some of the cells that compose the skin and are responsible for defense against microorganisms. The mechanisms include (1) the production of antimicrobial peptides, which kill Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms, fungi, and some viruses; (2) resident epidermal Langerhans cells that act as antigen-presenting cells; and (3) transient epidermal T-cells that protect against pathologies such as dermatitis, bullous disord...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• List of contributors
• Preface of the series
• Preface
• Chapter 1. Advances in nanobiomaterials for topical administrations: new galenic and cosmetic formulations
• Chapter 2. Nanosunscreens: from nanoencapsulated to nanosized cosmetic active forms
• Chapter 3. Nanocosmetics: performance enhancement and safety assurance
• Chapter 4. What nanocrystals can offer to cosmetic and dermal formulations
• Chapter 5. Role of liposomal drug-delivery system in cosmetics
• Chapter 6. Nanobiomaterials in galenic formulations and cosmetics
• Chapter 7. Nanobiomaterials in cosmetics: current status and future prospects
• Chapter 8. Nanocapsules as carriers of active substances
• Chapter 9. Sunscreens
• Chapter 10. Solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers as novel carriers for cosmetic ingredients
• Chapter 11. Skin autoimmune disorders: lipid biopolymers and colloidal delivery systems for topical delivery
• Chapter 12. The role of liposomes and lipid nanoparticles in the skin hydration
• Chapter 13. Lipid nanoparticles for topical application of drugs for skin diseases
• Chapter 14. Nanocarriers in cosmetology
• Chapter 15. Silver nanoparticles as a challenge for modern cosmetology and pharmacology
• Index