Viral Immunology and Immunopathology

Abner Louis Notkins

• Publisher: Academic Press
• Year: 2014
• ISBN:
  9781483218977
• Topic: Medizin
• Subtopic: Klinische Medizin

Viral Immunology and Immunopathalogy covers topics concerning the role of cellular and humoral immunity in viral infections, factors responsible for the persistence and recurrence of viral infections in the presence of immunity, mechanisms of viral immunopathology, and concepts in the development of vaccines. The book describes the history of viral immunology; the synthesis and properties of viral antigens; and the humoral immune response to viruses. The text also discusses the mechanisms of viral neutralization; cellular immunity; the role of inflammatory cells and effector molecules in combating viral infections; and the genetic control of resistance. The book concludes with chapters on herd immunity; viral immunopathology; and viral immunology and immunopathology. Immunologists, pathologists, virologists, and microbiologists will find the book useful.

CHAPTER 1

HISTORY OF VIRAL IMMUNOLOGY

FRANK FENNER and R.V. BLANDEN, Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian National University, Canberra; Department of Microbiology John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra

Publisher Summary

This chapter presents the history of viral immunology. The use of viral components for vaccination has been the subject of experimental clinical trials with adenoviruses and influenza subunit vaccines are in current use. The effect of the production of antibodies against viral components during the course of infection is in vivo complement fixation, demonstrable in practice by the developing anti-complementary activity of serum. Other antibody reactions, which may or may not result in neutralization of infectivity, may play an important role in the production of lesions, especially in certain persistent viral infections. Immune complexes in which viral antigens rather than virions are involved may also play an important role in the pathogenesis of some acute infections, such as hemorrhagic dengue and in the glomerulonephritis found in several chronic viral infections. Indeed, antigenemia and the early formation of immune complexes, rather than viremia as such, may provide the pathogenetic basis for the fever and symptoms that mark the end of the incubation period in many generalized viral infections and the prodromal rash may have a similar explanation.

INTRODUCTION

A history of viral immunology is clearly more concerned with tracing the development of immunological concepts than with an analysis of the history of virology, yet the latter is not unimportant. Viruses obviously differ in important respects from non-living antigens, and they differ fundamentally from living cells, including the pathogenic microorganisms. Viral immunology is a “transdisciplinary” subject, and several of the great figures in its history, Jenner in the eighteenth century, Pasteur in the nineteenth and Burnet in the twentieth century, are honored as pioneers by both virologists and immunologists. Since the immune response is an aspect of resistance to disease that is restricted to vertebrate animals, we shall therefore have to consider only the minority of organisms that are vertebrates, and the minority of viruses that infect vertebrates. Indeed, we are ultimately concerned with the human host and the viruses that infect man, and with model systems that enable us to study problems of human medical relevance experimentally.

The outline of this book illustrates the many-facetted nature of viral immunology, and we cannot hope in this introductory chapter to give a satisfactory history of each of the topics represented by a chapter heading. We shall therefore try first to illustrate the discoveries that have led to our present concepts of what vertebrate viruses are and how they behave, and then illustrate the developing concepts of the host’s response to viral infection that have brought biomedical scientists to the stage of writing this book. In this introductory chapter we shall try not just to pay homage to the great historical figures of our subject, but also in a sense to set the stage for the other more technical chapters of the book.

THE CONCEPT OF VIRUS

Animal virology began as a branch of pathology. Virology as a discipline advanced rapidly only when it freed itself from this association, thanks mainly to the leadership of Delbrück and the phage group (1). The concepts developed with phage were extended into animal virology, and it is now possible for virologists to move back into pathology with a greatly enriched understanding.

The brilliant studies of Pasteur, Koch and their followers had by the end of the nineteenth century established the microbial etiology of many of the infectious diseases of man and his domesticated animals (2). However, there were still a number of common infectious diseases for which neither a bacterium nor a protozoan could be incriminated as the causal agent. In 1898, Loeffler and Frosch (3) demonstrated that th...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Authors and Participants
• Preface
• Chapter 1: HISTORY OF VIRAL IMMUNOLOGY
• Chapter 2: VIRAL REPLICATION
• Chapter 3: VIRAL ANTIGENS
• Chapter 4: HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE TO VIRAL INFECTIONS
• Chapter 5: MECHANISMS OF VIRAL NEUTRALIZATION
• Chapter 6: DESTRUCTION OF VIRUS-INFECTED CELLS BY ANTIBODY AND COMPLEMENT
• Chapter 7: CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY IN VIRAL INFECTIONS
• Chapter 8: THE ROLE OF THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN VIRAL INFECTIONS
• Chapter 9: INTERFERON AS A MEDIATOR OF CELLULAR IMMUNITY IN VIRAL INFECTIONS
• Chapter 10: GENETIC CONTROL OF RESISTANCE TO VIRAL INFECTION IN MICE
• Chapter 11: PERSISTENCE OF VIRAL INFECTION IN THE PRESENCE OF IMMUNITY
• Chapter 12: RADIOIMMUNOASSAYS FOR DETECTION OF VIRAL ANTIGENS AND ANTIVIRAL ANTIBODY
• Chapter 13: IMMUNE RESPONSE TO HEPATITIS VIRUSES
• Chapter 14: IMMUNE RESPONSE TO LEUKEMIA VIRUSES IN MICE
• Chapter 15: IMMUNE RESPONSES TO EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS
• Chapter 16: HERD IMMUNITY – CHANGING CONCEPTS
• Chapter 17: CURRENT APPROACHES TO VIRAL IMMUNOPROPHYLAXIS
• Chapter 18: SUBUNIT VIRAL VACCINES
• Chapter 19: ADVERSE EFFECTS OF VIRAL VACCINES
• Chapter 20: IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH VIRAL INFECTIONS
• Chapter 21: VIRUS-INDUCED CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNOPATHOLOGICAL DISEASE
• Chapter 22: THE EFFECT OF VIRAL INFECTIONS ON THE FUNCTION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
• Chapter 23: AUTOIMMUNITY IN VIRAL INFECTIONS
• Chapter 24: THE FUTURE IN VIRAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
• APPENDIX: WORKSHOP ON VIRAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
• APPENDIX: SUMMARY OF WORKSHOP
• Subject Index