Coastal Aquaculture and Mariculture

S. Athithan

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2020
• ISBN:
  9781000335408
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Sciences biologiques
• Subtopic: Biologie marine

This book is an effort to consolidate and comprehensively present the coastal aquaculture & mariculture and divided into 39 chapters covering introduction, mariculture scenario, finfish farming, shellfish farming, molluscan farming, seaweed farming, recirculatory aquaculture systems, conservation aspects in mariculture etc. This is an attempt to provide comprehensive information on all areas of coastal aquaculture and mariculture to the students for their academic carrier. Nonetheless, the material presented has been thoughtfully selected and updated to make it of maximum use to the readers.
Note: T& F does not sell or distribute the Hardback in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.

1
INTRODUCTION

A global review of the marine capture fisheries scenario reveals that 80% of the world’s fish stocks for which assessment information is available are fully exploited and thus require effective and precautionary management. The maximum wild capture fisheries potential from world’s oceans have almost been exploited and a more closely controlled approach to fisheries management is required. The current marine capture fisheries scenario in India is also characterized by increased and excessive fishing effort, overexploitation of certain resources from the inshore grounds and increased conflicts among the different stakeholders in the sector. Due to the larger dependency on inshore fisheries over the years, the production from near-shore waters has reached asymptotic level and hence ensuring sustainability is inevitable in marine fisheries policy. The Comprehensive Marine Fishing Policy (2004) underscores the need for a departure from the open access concept in the territorial waters and enforcing stringent management regimes. In this context, it is very much relevant to resort to resource augmentation methods through mariculture and allied techniques to enhance the seafood production.

2
COASTAL AQUACULTURE AND MARICULTURE - GLOBAL SCENARIO

It is well understood that aquaculture is the fastest growing animal food production sector with per capita supply increasing from 0.7 kg in 1970 to 20.300 kg in 2016. Most of the global aquaculture production of fish, crustaceans and molluscs continue to come from inland waters (64.50% by quantity). Mariculture contributes 35.25% of the total aquaculture production. While much of the marine production is contributed by high value finfish, relatively low priced mussels and oysters are also widely farmed. While the overall share of farmed fish in marine fish production has stayed much low, or the species that are farmed, cultured fish dominates the market. This 1s the case of Asian sea bass, gilthead sea bream red drum, bastard halibut and cobia. It is also a fact that for such species, he quantities now produced by aquaculture are often substantially higher than the past highest catch recorded by capture ‘fisheries. In the last decade, salmonids have overtaken shrimp as the top aquaculture group In Latin America and the Caribbean as a result of outbreaks of disease in the major shrimp producing areas (FAO, 2009). Aquaculture in the Asla Pacific region has been growing steadily over the last ‘few decades and to satisfy the demand of the local and export markets, many countr.ies are expanding their aquaculture activities in the sea, including offshore areas where competition is less. Maricullure region is exceptionally biodiversity and relies on many species and hence the nature of mariculture is rapidly changing tn this area (Rimmer, 2008). Some of the countries like China, Vietnam, Australia, Indonesia, Japan, Korea DPR Korea Rep, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand are much ahead in marlculture in this region and agencies like Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia Pacific (NACA) should take intergovernmental regional programmes so as to develop mariculture in the region as a whole.

3
COASTAL AQUACULTURE AND MARICULTURE - INDIAN SCENARIO

Fisheries in India are very important economic activity and a flourishing sector with varied resources and potentials. The vibrancy of the sector can be visualized by the 11–fold increase that India achieved in fish production in just six decades, i.e. from 0.75 million tonnes in 1950–51 to 11.410 million tonnes during 2016–17 which amply justifies the importance of the sector on the country’s economy and in livelihood security. India is also an important country that produces fish through aquaculture in the world. India is home to more than 10 percent of the global fish diversity. Presently, the country ranks second in the world in total fish production.

Brackishwater aquaculture in India, though a traditional practice in bheries of West Bengal and pokkali fields along the Kerala coast, the scientific farming in the country has been initiated only in early 1990s. The importance and role of shrimp farming in India’s economy was realized in the early seventies and the first Experimental Brackish water Fish Farm began in Kakdwip, West Bengal by the Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) in 1973. This was followed by an All-India Coordinated Research Project on Brackish water Fish Farming in 1975 by the ICAR with centres in West Bengal, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Goa.

Concurrently, shrimp seed production studies were also initiated in Narakkal by the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute. Large-scale development of shrimp farming took place only after 1988–1989 with the establishment of the commercial shrimp hatcheries by the Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA). In the late 1980s, MPEDA established the Andhra Pradesh Shrimp Seed Production Supply and Research Centre (TASPARC) in Andhra Pradesh and Orissa Shrimp Seed Production Supply and Research Centre (OSPARC) in Orissa which provided assistance and paved the way for the establishment of a number of private hatcheries.

Further, a semi-intensive culture technology was demonstrated a pilot-scale by the MPEDA funded by the Department of Biotechnology. The semi-intensive farming technology demonstrated production levels reaching 4–6 tonnes / ha. In addition, a number of development schemes were initiated by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Government of India including setting up of Brackish water Fish Farmers Development Agencies (BFDA) in the maritime states for the development of shrimp farming. This paved the way for the establishment of a number of shrimp hatcheries and farms in the coastal states in the early nineties. India witnessed a phenomenal increase in the area under shrimp farming which occurred between 1990 and 1994 and the growth rate was phenomenal till 1995.

In India, brackish water aquaculture sector was largely based on farming of Penaeus monodon and other shrimp species such as Penaeus indicus, P. merguiensis and P. semisulcatus were are considered as potential ones until the introduction of Litopenaeus vannamei which has been gaining momentum in the recent years. In India, a major shift in India’s policy on shrimp took place with the introduction of an exotic species of shrimp, viz, Litopenaeus vannamei. The introduction of vannamei in India occurred under controlled conditions with a clear procedure laid down by the government. The Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture and National Bureau for Fish Genetic Resources conducted the risk analysis for the introduction of vannamei in India. Following the risk analysis studies, the government decided for a large-scale introduction of commercial use of vannamei in 2009. L. vannamei importation and cultivation guidelines were prepared by the Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries. Coastal Aquaculture Authority (CAA) of the Government of India, Chennai is the agency for granting permission to import vannamei brood stock and for giving permissions for vannamei culture by farmers. Currently, CAA has given permissions to farmers for farming vannamei in 22 715 hectares and allowed 135 hatcheries for importing vannamei broodstock for production and supply of quality SPF vannamei seed to farmers.

Among finfishes, a technology for breeding and seed production has been developed for barramundi, (Lates calcarifer) along with farming demonstrations. Some enterprising farmers in Tamil Nadu have taken up seabass culture. High export prices of crabs have made fattening of species like (Scylla serrata and S.tranquebarica a remunerative farming practice. In addition, certain marine / brackish water fish species as milkfish (Chanos chanos), pearl spot (Etroplus suratensis) and mullets (Mugil spp.) have shown promises for commercial aquaculture in inland saline soil / water areas.

Another vital sector for the sustainable development of coastal aquaculture is the feed and feed inputs. Over 30 domestic feed mills are supplying shrimp feed to the farmers, apart from the imported brands. Various forms of other inputs such as probiotics, immunostimulants, Zeolite, BKC etc are also marketed to help successful crops.

The sea coast along the main land and around the islands provide vast scope for development of sea farming, which has considerable potential to augment production of seafood for the domestic as well as export markets. Aquaculture over recent years has not only led to substantial socio-economic benefits such as increased nutritional levels, income, employment and foreign exchange, but has also brought vast un-utilized and under-utilized land and water resources under culture.

The dwindling catch rates in capture fisheries and rampant unemployment in the coastal region focus towards the development of mariculture and coastal aquaculture as a remunerative alternate occupation. Recent estimates quantify the per capita fish consumption, in India around 8–10 kg per year and likely to grow to 16.7 kg by 2015.

Although about 1.2 milllon hectares are suitable for land based saline aquaculture In India, currently only 13% is utilized. Farmed shrimp contributes about 60% by volume and 82% by value of India’s total shrimp export. Share of cultured shrimp export is 82,600 tonnes. The farming of shrimp is largely dependent on small holdings of less than 2 hectares and these farms account for over 90’% of the total area utilized for shrimp culture. Coastal aquaculture is mainly concentrated in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Orissa, West Bengal and Gujarat. In recent years, the demand for mussels, clams, edible oysters, crabs, lobsters, sea weeds and a few marine fin fishes is continuously increasing and brings premium price in the international market The long coastline of 8129 km along with the adjacent landward coastal agriclimatic zone and the sea-ward inshore waters with large number of calm bays and lagoons offer good scope to develop mariculture in the country. In this context, the Central marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) is the pioneering institution in the country which has initiated mariculture research and has been developing appropriate mariculture technologies in India In India, till date mariculture activities have been confined to coastal brackish water aquaculture, mainly shrimp farming. The other coastal aquaculture activities are green mussel farming which is confined to Malabar coast in Kerala producing more than 10,000 t and seaweed farming along Ramanathapuram and Thoothukudi coasts of Tamil Nadu producing about 5000 t annually. The potentially cultivable candidate species for mariculture in India include about 20 species of finfishes, 29 crustaceans, 17 molluscs, 7 seaweeds and many other species of ornamental and therapeutic value. Many mariculture technologies are very simple, ecofriendly and use only locally available infrastructure facilities for construction of farm, feed and seed and hence the entire farming can be practiced by traditional fishermen. Another advantage is that most of our brackish water and coastal areas are free from pollution and are suitable for aquaculture. But hardly 10% of the potential cultivable area is presently used for aquaculture in spite of growing demand for cultured shrimp, bivalves, crabs and lobsters. In addition, a fast growing trade in marine ornamental organisms has also emerged in the recent years which open up the possibility of culture and trade. Employment in aquaculture (inland and marine) has been increasing and is now estimated to account for about 25% of the total. Coastal aquaculture is a significant contributor to marine fish production, constituting mainly the shrimps like Penaeus monodon and Fenneropenaeus indicus. However, vast water bodies suitable for aquaculture and the varied biodiversity that has the potential to capture new markets with a wide range of seafood products, have prompted consideration of other candidate species like oysters, mussels, crabs, lobsters, scampi, sea bass, groupers, sea cucumber, ornamental fishes and sea weeds in the new aquaculture scenario in the country. Hatchery and rearing techniques have also been standardized for many of these organisms (ICAR, 2000).

4
COASTAL AQUACULTURE AND MARICULTURE

The other meaning names for coastal aquaculture or farming are brackishwater farming or aquaculture, inshore farming or aquaculture

Farming & husbandry of marine aquatic plants & animals in coastal areas of Ponds / Pen / Enclosures in Saline & Brackishwater under controlled conditions. Coastal area means ‘Area of land within a distance of 2 Km from High Tide Line (HTL) of seas, rivers, creeks and backwaters’

The other meaning names for mariculture are marine culture, sea farming, off shore farming.

Mariculture Noun word (n) from Latin word ‘mari’ or ‘mare’ i.e. sea Mari or Mare + culture. Mariculture - Farming & husbandry of marine aquatic plants & animals in pollution free natural brackish water / marine environment or salt water. Specialized branch of aquaculture involving the cultivation of marine organisms for food and other products in Open sea, An enclosed section of the ocean, Tanks, Ponds, Raceways which are filled with seawater

Top mariculture producing countries

Country	Species Produced
China	molluscs, shrimp
Japan	algae, molluscs, yellow tail, sea bream
Taiwan	molluscs, shrimp, eels
Philippines	algae, shrimp, milkfish
United States	molluscs, shrimp, Atlantic salmon, red drum
Norway	salmon
Ecuador	shrimp
Republic of Korea	algae, molluscs
Indonesia	algae, shrimp, milkfish

10 countries with highest scores for Mariculture

China: 100 / South Korea: 63 / Thailand: 62 / Taiwan: 54 / Spain: 47 / Netherlands: 46 / France: 46 / Vietnam: 44 / Singapore: 43 / Japan: 40

Action Plan for enhancing fish production

In India, 1.24 million hectares of brackishwater Aquaculture / coastal Aquaculture (Inshore Aquaculture) are available. Out of which, 0.1 million hectares are presently utilized (8 %). The present production is 0.9 lakhs tonnes / 90,000 kgs. The projected production is 0.5 million tonnes / 5 lakhs tones/ 5,00,000 kgs.

Strategies for enhancing fish production

Brackishwater Aquaculture / Coastal Aquaculture (Inshore Aquaculture)

• Increasing water area und...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Preface
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Coastal Aquaculture and Mariculture - Global scenario
• 3. Coastal Aquaculture and Mariculture - Indian scenario
• 4. Coastal Aquaculture and Mariculture
• 5. Main objective and Types of the Mariculture
• 6. Integrated Multitrophic Aquaculture (IMTA)
• 7. Resources
• 8. Major Constraints in Mariculture
• 9. Diversifications and Future Prospects
• 10. Traditional Fish Farming in India
• 11. Milk Fish Farming
• 12. Mullet Fish Farming
• 13. Pearl Spot Fish Farming
• 14. Silver Pompano Fish Farming
• 15. Culture of Silver Pompano in Coastal Aquaculture Ponds
• 16. Capture Based Aquaculture – An Introduction
• 17. Capture Based Aquaculture of Red Snapper in Cages
• 18. Open Sea Cage Culture
• 19. Grow-out Culture of Finfishes and Management of Marine Cages
• 20. Development of Innovative Low Cost Cages for Promoting Open Sea Cage Culture
• 21. Sea Cage Farming of Cobia
• 22. Sea Bass Fish Farming
• 23. Marine Ornamental Fish Culture
• 24. Shrimp Farming
• 25. Lobster Fattening and Farming
• 26. Crab Farming and Fattening
• 27. Edible Oyster Farming
• 28. Pearl Oyster Farming and Pearl Production
• 29. Mussel Farming
• 30. Clam Culture
• 31. Scallop Farming
• 32. Sea Cucumber Farming
• 33. Horse Shoe Crab Farming
• 34. Sea Horse Farming
• 35. Abalone and Cephalopod culture
• 36. Seaweed Farming
• 37. Recirculatory Aquaculture Systems (RAS)
• 38. Artemia Cyst and Biomass Production
• 39. Good Practices in Coastal Aquaculture and Mariculture
• Conclusion
• References