Metal-Organic Framework Nanocomposites

From Design to Application

Anish Khan, Mohammad Jawaid, Abdullah Mohammed Ahmed Asiri, Wei Ni, Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Anish Khan, Mohammad Jawaid, Abdullah Mohammed Ahmed Asiri, Wei Ni, Mohammed Muzibur Rahman

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2020
• ISBN:
  9781000244885
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Physical Sciences
• Subtopic: Nanoscience

Metal-Organic Framework Nanocomposites: From Design to Application assembles the latest advances in MOF nanocomposites, emphasizing their design, characterization, manufacturing, and application and offering a wide-ranging view of these materials with exceptional physical and chemical properties.

FEATURES

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• Discusses various types of MOF materials, such as polyaniline MOF nanocomposites, magnetic MOF nanocomposites, and carbon nanotube-based MOF nanocomposites

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• Includes chapters on the usage of these materials in pollutant removal, electrochemical devices, photocatalysts, biomedical applications, and other applications

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• Covers different aspects of composite fabrication from energy storage and catalysts, including preparation, design, and characterization techniques

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• Emphasizes the latest technology in the field of manufacturing and design

Aimed at researchers, academics, and advanced students in materials science and engineering, this book offers a comprehensive overview and analysis of these extraordinary materials.

1 Significance of Metal-Organic Frameworks Consisting of Porous Materials

R. Kumar, Abdullah, Arul Marcel Moshi, S.R. Sundara Bharathi, C. Dhanasekaran, S. Sivaganesan, P. Senthamaraikannan, S.S. Saravanakumar, and Anish Khan

CONTENTS

1.1 Introduction

1.1.1 Definition of Porosity

1.2 Inferences Obtained from the Wide Range of Relevant Research Articles

1.2.1 Introduction to Porous MOFs

1.2.2 Zeolites—An Amorphous and Inorganic Porous Material

1.2.3 Activated Carbon—An Organic Porous Material

1.2.4 Formation of Pores in MOFs

1.2.5 Types of Pores

1.2.6 Characterization of Porous MOFs

1.2.7 Checking for Permanent Porosity

1.2.8 Advantages of MOF Porous Materials

1.2.9 Porous MOFs in Separation of Gases

1.2.10 Nano Porous MOFs

1.3 Conclusion

References

1.1 Introduction

Materials of porous nature are abundantly available in nature in a variety of forms. A few porous materials are mentioned in Figure 1.1. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a new class of hybrid porous solids, which are potentially a type of prominent porous adsorbent; and they can also exist in an empty guest-free state [1].

FIGURE 1.1 Materials with a porous nature [4].

MOFs are defined by Yaghi et al. as porous structures made with coordinative bonding between metal ions and organic linkers [2]. MOFs have grown to become the leading domain of solid-state chemistry [3, 4, ]. This special case of crystalline materials presents a high degree of functional and structural tenability [5, 6, ] which is not possible with other traditional porous materials like zeolites and activated carbons [3].

Even though the general porous materials have many valuable attributes, [7] techniques for controlling the individual crystal locations, and coatings with particularly designed pore sizes, their arrangement/distribution is not yet optimized [8]. Among all kinds of porous materials, MOFs are a special kind of ultra-porous material with an extraordinary accessible surface area because of the framework generated by the inorganic nodes and organic compounds [2, 9, ]. These surface areas range between 1000 and 10,000 m²/g, which exceed the values of other porous materials such as carbons, zeolites, and mesoporous-based oxides [10]. A few artificially made commonly used products with a porous nature are illustrated in Figure 1.2.

FIGURE 1.2 Artificially developed common porous materials [7].

It is significant to note that MOFs are called by many names, such as porous coordination networks, porous coordination polymers, etc. The fast rate of growth in the synthesis, characterization, and analysis of MOFs could be noted in recent years. These kinds of materials are produced in such a way that they have permanent porosity [11]. The flexibility with MOFs is that their secondary building units (SBUs) and organic linkers can be varied, which has led to the formation of thousands of MOF compounds. Specifically, they have been extensively used in the energy domain, including fuel cell technology, super capacitors, and catalytic converters [12, 13, ]. In order to utilize the positive features of both inorganic and organic porous compounds, porous hybrids (MOFs) are being generated which are stable, ordered, and have high surface areas.

1.1.1 Definition of Porosity

Porosity of any solid material can be realized with the presence of cavities, void space, and/or inter-channels. Materials consisting of a regular organic-inorganic hybrid framework and acting as a regular porous structure with pores of the size range 0.2 × 10⁹ to 100 × 10⁹ m are called nanoporous materials [13].

1.2 Inferences Obtained from the Wide Range of Relevant Research Articles

Various published research articles related to porosity for MOF materials have been referred to and the important elements are presented in this section.

1.2.1 Introduction to Porous MOFs

At present, MOF chemistry has grown well enough to the point where the chemical composition, structure of the compounds, specific functionality, and the nature of porosity of a metal-organic structure can be made for the desired application. This exclusive control over the assembly of compounds propels this area further into a new domain area for synthetic chemistry, in which further, more sophisticated materials may be approached. For example, materials can be visualized which have:

1. i. combined compartments which operate separately, but their function is integrated;
2. ii. ability to perform simultaneous operations; and
3. iii. dexterity to count, classify, and code data [14].

In recent years, researchers have carried out extensive works on crystalline extended structures [15, 16, ]. Even though these structures are extended crystal structures and do not have large detached molecules like polymers, they are dubbed coordination “polymers” –MOFs [17],because these structures are constructed from long organic linkers which are surrounded by void space. MOFs are known to have the potential to be permanently porous like in the case of zeolites. The porosity of MOFs was investigated in the 1990s by forcibly sending gas molecules into the narrow openings at high pressure [18].

1.2.2 Zeolites—An Amorphous and Inorganic Porous Material

Zeolites are an ideal type of structure which belong to the group of purely inorganic materials, and which are a benchmark in the field of solid-state porous materials. Zeolites are readily rehydrated and dehydrated which makes them useful in various commercial areas [7]. Porous materials include a wide range of applications in industry, such as catalysis and absorption. Zeolites are the most perfect examples among the group of crystalline alumino silicate materials with interlinked pores of size 4 to 13 A [19, 20, ]. In comparison with zeolites, activated carbons have high degrees of porosity and specific surface area. Activated carbon also belongs to amorphous porous materials, which rule a major area of the market of solid-state porous materials [21].

Inorganic porous frameworks exhibit a highly ordered structure (e.g. zeolites). Synthesis processes often require an organic or ...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half-Title
• Title
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Contents
• Preface
• Editors
• Contributors
• Chapter 1 Significance of Metal-Organic Frameworks Consisting of Porous Materials
• Chapter 2 Metal-Organic Frameworks for Heavy Metal Removal from Water
• Chapter 3 Metal-Organic Framework Nanocomposites for Adsorptive Applications
• Chapter 4 Metal-Organic Framework-Derived Carbon-Coated Nanocomposites for Electrochemical Capacitors
• Chapter 5 Photovoltaic Performance of Titanium Oxide/Metal-Organic Framework Nanocomposite
• Chapter 6 Bio-Based Magnetic Metal-Organic Framework Nanocomposites
• Chapter 7 Synthesis of Metal-Organic Framework Hybrid Composites Based on Graphene Oxide and Carbon Nanotubes
• Chapter 8 Application of Nanoscale Metal-Organic Frameworks for Phototherapy of Cancer
• Chapter 9 Carbon Nanotube-Based Metal-Organic Framework Nanocomposites
• Chapter 10 Preparation and Characterization of Magnetic Metal-Organic Framework Nanocomposites
• Chapter 11 Metal-Organic Framework with Immobilized Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Applications in Hydrogen Production
• Chapter 12 Metal-Organic Frameworks with Immobilized Nanoparticles for Hydrogen Generation
• Index