Interoperability in IoT for Smart Systems

Monideepa Roy, Pushpendu Kar, Sujoy Datta

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2020
• ISBN:
  9781000260519
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Computer Science
• Subtopic: Computer Science General
• Index: Computer Science

Interoperability in IoT for Smart Systems discusses the different facets of interoperability issues among the IoT devices and their solutions, the scalability issues in an IoT network, and provides solutions for plug-n-play of new devices with the existing IoT system. It also addresses the possible usage of interoperable and plug-n-play IoT networks in different systems to make them smarter. Aimed at researchers and graduate students in computer science, computer engineering, computer networks, electronics engineering, this book

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• Exclusively covers interoperability of IoT systems in parallel with their use towards the development of smart systems

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• Discusses the requirements of interoperability in smart IoT systems and their solutions

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• Reviews IoT applications in different smart and intelligent systems

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• Explores dealing with interoperability of heterogeneous participating devices

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• Provides different case studies and open problems related to interoperability in IoT systems

1Internet of Things

Challenges and Its Applications

Zeenat Rehena

Aliah University, West Bengal, India

CONTENTS

• 1.1The Internet of Things
• 1.2IoT Components and Technologies
  • 1.2.1Components
  • 1.2.2Technologies
• 1.3IoT Architecture
• 1.4IoT Analytics Life Cycle
• 1.5Challenges of IoT
• 1.6Applications of IoT
• 1.7Future Research Direction
• 1.8Conclusion
• References

1.1THE INTERNET OF THINGS

In the last few decades, improvements in technology have been made tremendously, especially in Information and Communication Technology (ICT). With this advancement in internet, different emerging technologies, namely, distributed computing, grid computing, cloud computing, and ubiquitous computing have made significant impact into the computing world [1].

The Internet of Things (IoT) is another astonishing paradigm toward modern technology and the computing world. It is an emerging technology with applications in many different fields, which is bringing the total world into its own domain.

Nowadays, IoT has become the most common and popular trend in marketing. There are several definitions of IoT in the literature, proposed by different researchers, academicians, and organizations in their own way. International Telecommunication Union-Global Standards Initiative (ITU-GSI) [2] has defined IoT as: “the network of physical objects—devices, vehicles, buildings and other items—embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity that enables these objects to collect and exchange data.”

Therefore, it connects all the objects or things with the underlying technology and makes interaction with each other with the help of the internet. Connecting objects or things might be wireless, radio frequency identification (RFID), or sensors, actuators, and mobile phones. These technologies are used for identification of items and sensing of the environment. So, IoT links various things, using electronic sensors, turning them into a smart thing by allowing them to see, hear, think, and compute tasks, etc. Its major goal is to transform things into smart things, objects into smart objects with the help of embedded devices, wireless sensor network (WSN), pervasive computing, ICT, and applications, and it is concerned in every aspect of the real world [3].

As per the Cisco Internet Business Solutions Group (IBSG) [4], “IoT is simply the point in time when more things or objects were connected to the Internet than people.” It is observed that in 2003, the world population was counted at 6.3 billion, whereas connected devices were only 0.5 billion. The world population was 6.8 billion, whereas connected devices were 12.5 in the year 2010. Similarly, in 2015, the world population was 7.2 billion and the connected devices count had become tripled to the population count, i.e., 25 billion. In 2020, the population has become 7.6 billion, and connected devices have reached 50 billion [4]. The world population versus connected devices with ratio of connected devices per person is shown in Table 1.1.

TABLE 1.1
Population versus Connected Devices with Ratio of Connected Devices per Person

Year	World Population (in Billion)	Connected Devices (in Billion)	Ratio of Connected Device per Person
2003	6.3	0.5	0.08
2010	6.8	12.5	1.84
2015	7.2	25	3.47
2020	7.6	50	6.58

IoT is matured now and it has explored its wings outside the laboratory. It has great impact in plenty of application areas, which also include environment monitoring, manufacturing, healthcare, smart cities, smart living, and many more [1]. The general diagram of IoT is shown in Figure 1.1.

FIGURE 1.1 General representation of the Internet of Things.

The rest of this chapter is organized as follows: Basic components and underlying technologies are discussed in Section 1.2. In Section 1.3, the generic architecture of IoT is described. The IoT analytics life cycle is briefly discussed in Section 1.4. Major challenges of IoT are discussed in Section 1.5. The challenges faced from different applications are explained in this section. In Section 1.6, different applications of IoT are elaborated and discussed. Future directions of research in IoT and concluding remarks are given in Sections 1.7 and 1.8, respectively.

1.2IoT COMPONENTS AND TECHNOLOGIES

In this section, IoT components and enabling technologies [5, 9] for the underlying components are discussed briefly. An IoT system consists of some functional units to facilitate various functions to the system, such as sensing, identification, actuation, communication, and management, while enabling technologies are those which will activate the aforementioned components and composite into a single system.

1.2.1Components

The IoT components are described below [5]:

• IoT device: IoT devices are any objects or things that have sensors attached and make them able to sense, control, and monitor activities. Then the devices exchange data with other connected devices in the system, and data processing is done within the processing components. There are several types of IoT devices, such as wearable sensors, actuators, software, smart watches, LED lights, automobiles, and industrial machines. For example, the IOT system of a car identifies the traffic on the road and automatically informs the person that there is an impending delay during the journey.
• Communication infrastructure: The communication unit does the communication between IoT devices and remote processing units or cloud server. IoT communication protocols generally work in the data link layer, network layer, transport layer, and application layer.
• Services: An IoT system offers several types of services for IoT devices, such as device modeling, device control, data processing, etc.
• Security and management: Security components secure the IoT system by invoking several functions, such as authentication, authorization, privacy, message integrity, content integrity, and data security. On the other hand, the management unit controls and manages the IoT system.
• Application: The application module acts as an interface between users and the IoT system. It enables users to visualize and analyze the present scenario system status and occasionally predicts future prospects.

1.2.2Technologies

• Radio-frequency identification: RFID is used to identify objects wirelessly without line of sight. RFID consists of a reader and one or more tags. The RFID reader is used to read that data. It employs two-way radio transmitter-receivers to identify and track tags associated with objects. There are two types of RFID tags, active and passive. Active tags have a power source and passive tags do not have any power source. Passive tags draw power from the reader's interrogation signal during the communication to the RFID reader, and thus it is cheap and has a long lifetime [6, 7]. It has many applications, especially in retail and supply chain management, in transportation for buying or replacement of tickets...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Series
• Title
• Copyright
• Contents
• Foreword
• Preface
• About the Authors
• Chapter 1 Internet of Things: Challenges and Its Applications
• Chapter 2 An Overview of Internet of Things in Healthcare
• Chapter 3 Universal IoT Framework
• Chapter 4 IoT Middleware Technology: Review and Challenges
• Chapter 5 IoT Service Platform
• Chapter 6 Software Integrated Framework Design for IoT-based Applications
• Chapter 7 Security Issues and Challenges in IoT
• Chapter 8 A Framework for Delivering IoT Services with Virtual Sensors: Case Study Remote Healthcare Delivery
• Chapter 9 Opportunities and Challenges of IoT-Based Smart City Models toward Reducing Environmental Pollution
• Chapter 10 A Novel QoS-based Flexible Service Selection and Composition Model for Localizing the Wireless Sensor Nodes Using AHP
• Chapter 11 Catalyst Is Important Everywhere: The Roles of Fog Computing in an IoT-based e-Healthcare System
• Chapter 12 IIoT: A Survey and Review of Theoretical Concepts
• Index