Marine OMICS

Principles and Applications

Se-Kwon Kim

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2016
• ISBN:
  9781315355061
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Medicine
• Subtopic: Biotechnology in Medicine

This book provides comprehensive coverage on current trends in marine omics of various relevant topics such as genomics, lipidomics, proteomics, foodomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, nutrigenomics, pharmacogenomics and toxicogenomics as related to and applied to marine biotechnology, molecular biology, marine biology, marine microbiology, environmental biotechnology, environmental science, aquaculture, pharmaceutical science and bioprocess engineering.

Section X

Marine Omics and Its Application in Nanotechnology

23

Omics in Marine Nanotechnology

Nabeel M. Alikunhi and Kandasamy Saravanakumar

CONTENTS

Preface

23.1Marine Nanotechnology

23.2Why Marine Nanoparticles?

23.2.1Bacterial Genomes

23.2.2Fungal Genomes

23.2.3Plant Genomes

23.2.4Marine Faunal Species

23.3Synthesis Mechanisms

23.4Omics in Nanotechnology

23.5Nano-Omics in Drug Discovery

23.6Other Applications of Marine Nanoparticles

23.7Toxicology of Nanoparticles

23.8Anticipated Prospects

References

Preface

Marine environments enthrall human beings due to its incredible species diversity. Species thrives in marine ecosystems are unique in nature and complex in association due to its extreme physicochemical characters. Nanotechnology, a technology with billionth of a meter, is the convergence of several scientific divisions. Let us now ponder about merging of marine science into nanotechnology, the marine nanotechnology. Marine environments exhibit remarkable biomimetic nanostructures in its cell wall, shells, pearls, and skeletons that motivated researchers of the world. As an emerging science in its infancy, marine nanotechnology promises the nanoscale manufacture of materials using marine organisms or influenced from marine environment. Integration of marine nanotechnology with molecular biology, particularly omics, a buzzword of the modern biologists, would be an amazing prospect that is believed to reach the hitherto unreachable and unimagined stages in future decades. This review summarizes the influence of marine organisms on nanoscience and its future prospects through integration with omics.

23.1Marine Nanotechnology

Nanoscience is an exciting field of research that deals with fundamentals of tiny molecules and structures approximately between 1 and 100 nm. By virtue of smaller size, nanoparticles have a large fraction of surface atoms that increases the surface energy compared to their bulk counterparts. High surface/volume ratio together with size effects (quantum effects) gives nanoparticles distinctive chemical, electronic, optical, magnetic, and mechanical properties than bulk material with indispensable societal impacts. Recent development in nanotechnology has influenced various fields of science and technology with a wide spectrum of potential applications in many areas of human activity. Many commercial products that are currently marketed and are used in routine human life such as sunscreens, paints, semiconductors, and cosmetics have nanoparticles (PEN, 2012). The global markets for nanoparticle products are expected to reach over $1 billion by 2015 (DEFRA, 2007).

Bionanotechnology in general and marine bionanotechnology in particular are more dynamic due to various reasons. Marine environment occupies 71% of the earth encompassing most productive, biologically diverse, and exceedingly valuable ecosystems with a wide variety of flora and fauna. Many marine organisms produce remarkable biomimetic nanostructures in their cell wall, shells, pearls, and skeletons with potential application in nanotechnology. Many commercially available nanomaterial-based products are built by the motivation from nature. For example, sharks and whales are known to have smooth skin that is not affected by fouling organisms (Hui et al., 2006). The smooth skin is actually not so, when observed under scanning electron microscope. The skin surface of those animals is rippled due to the presence of nanoridges that enclose a pore size of 0.2 μm², which is below the size of marine fouling organisms. Hence, there is no attachment of biofouling organisms. Based on this, new nanoparticle coating is synthesized to prevent biofouling of ship hulls, which cause increased fuel consumption and thereby economic loss to the shipping industry. Other classic biomimetic nanostructures in marine environment are by diatoms and sponges that are constructed with nanostructured cover of silica, arranged in remarkable architectures (van der Woude et al., 1995). Many organisms in marine environments are still under exploration due to its rich abundance and diversity. For instance, a liter of seawater constitutes more than a billion individual microbes that contribute about 98% of oceanic biomass. The biodiversity-rich marine environment provides great prospects of marine bionanotechnology. Besides being biologically diverse, marine environment comprises rich hot brine pools and cold seeps with distinctive ecological features and extreme physicochemical parameters, creating the most complex environments on earth. The organism surviving in such extreme environments might produce unique metabolites with exclusive chemical properties that are currently being explored for nanoparticle synthesis.

Interaction of biotechnology with nanoscience integrated biology and material science, which resulted in several positive outcomes beneficial for mankind. Integration of biotechnology, particularly genomics and proteomics, in nanotechnology is an emerging field of research with greater potential. Genomics, proteomics, and other omics tools provide essential information about the gene or protein expression in any biological species during nanoparticle synthesis. This helps in understanding the underlying mechanism of nanoparticle synthesis as well as elucidating the pathway of responses induced by nanoparticles in other biological organisms. Nanotechnology with omics, together known as nano-omics, has recently emerged as a new and efficient approach for medical diagnostics and therapy. Involvement of omics in nanoscience is a research at infancy but is beckoning as a promising prospect in various aspects of human life. Omics is also a tool for investigating fate, behaviors, and toxicity of involuntarily released synthetic nanoparticle in the ecosystems and its living components. This chapter deals with involvement of omics in marine organism–derived nanoparticles. The conceptual framework of the chapter is given in Figure 23.1. Possible outcomes expected through the integration of omics with marine nanotechnology are (1) synthesis of nanomaterial by mimicking marine species, particularly the surface structure, (2) understanding the molecular aspect of synthesis mechanism for controlled production of nanoparticles of desired characteristic, (3) delineating the action mechanism of nanoparticles during its interaction with other biological species, (4) identifying the genetic sequences of uncultivable marine species with potential nanoparticle synthesis efficiency, and (5) last but not least, investigating the fate and behavior of nanoparticles on sensitive marine environment and organisms.

FIGURE 23.1
The conceptual framework of the chapter: integration of molecular biology and marine nanotechnology.

23.2Why Marine Nanoparticles?

Synthesis of nanoparticles is still challenging in material science. Several manufacturing techniques are being employed in synthesis of nanoparticles of superior characteristics. The use of chemical and physical methods for the synthesis of nanoparticles is capital intensive due to inefficient material and energy usage. Further, such methods involve the use of hazardous chemicals or produce toxic chemicals absorbed on the surface that may have adverse effects during application of the synthesized nanoparticles. Hence, there is a growing need to develop environmentally benign synthesis procedures. Consequently, many researchers turned to biological systems for eco-friendly and sustainable synthesis of nanoparticles with different sizes, shapes, and controlled dispersion for advanced biological applications. It is well known that many biological organisms are capable of producing inorganic materials through intracellular and extracellular methods (Simkiss and Wilbur, 1989). This property is exploited in the biological synthesis of nanoparticles that is now termed as green chemistry approach. In this regard, several marine organisms are recently being experimented for synthesis of various kinds of nanoparticles (Table 23.1). Biological genomic groups from marine environment involved in nanoparticle synthesis are discussed here.

23.2.1Bacterial Genomes

Many bacterial species are reported to synthesize inorganic nanoparticles through extracellular and intracellular process with properties similar to chemically synthesized materials. Majority of bacterial species reported for synthesis of nanomaterials are confined to metals, metal sulfide, and very low oxides. Nanoparticles synthesized by marine bacterial genomes are with unique properties such as structure, stability, and aggregation than its terrestrial counterpart due to the fact that marine bacteria thrive in extreme environmental conditions. Many of them exist in the sea bottom over millions of years, naturally capable of reducing vast inorganic elements in the deep sea. Deep-sea strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was capable of synthesizing silver nanoparticles of size between 13 and 76 nm with antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and cytotoxic activity (Ramalingam et al., 2013). Another deep-sea bacterial species Marinobacter pelagius has been reported for the synthesis of gold nanoparticle with the size lesser than 10 nm (Sharma et al., 2012). Apart from deep-sea bacteria, shallow-water bacterial genomes isolated from mangrove environments are also widely proven candidates for nanoparticle synthesis. Marine strains of Escherichia coli AUCAS 112 isolated from mangrove sediments produced extracellular spherical silver nanoparticles of 5–20 nm size with antimicrobial activity against human bacterial and fungal pathogens (Kathiresan et al., 2010). Mangrove Streptomyces sp. BDUKAS10 synthesized bactericidal silver nanoparticles (Sivalingam et al., 2012). Similar to deep-sea bacteria, mangrove-associated bacterial species also survives in extreme environmental conditions. However, instead of stress due to pressure at deep-sea bottom environments, mangrove-associated bacterial species has to overcome highly anaerobic and hypersaline conditions, which makes them comparatively more potent than its terrestrial counterparts.

Many other bacterial species of marine environment have been tested for synthesis of nanoparticles with many beneficial applications. A novel strain of Pseudomonas sp. 591786 was reported to produce intracellular silver nanoparticles, polydispersed with different size groups ranging from 20 to 100 nm (Muthukannan and Karuppiah, 2011), while Vibrio alginolyticus produced silver nanoparticles with size ranges from 50 to 100 nm (Rajeshkumar et al., 2013). The marine-derived silver-resistant bacteria isolate MER1 is known to produce the nanoparticles with an antimicrobial effect against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, yeasts, and fungus (Youssef and Abdel-Aziz, 2013). A majority of these studies were on silver nanoparticle synthesis using bacterial species, while very meager studies focused on other nanoparticle or bacterial groups. Halotolerant Bacillus megaterium produced the selenite nanoparticles (Mishra et al., 2011). Marine cyanobacterium, Oscillatoria willei NTDM01 produced silver nanoparticles (MubarakAli et al., 2011), while Phormidium tenue NTDM05 produced cadmium sulfide nanoparticles of 5 nm (MubarakAli et al., 2012). Marine actinomycetes, Streptomyces spp. (VITSTK7 and LK-3), produced silver nanoparticles with antifungal activity (Thenmozhi et al., 2013) and gold nanoparticles with antimalarial activity (Karthik et al., 2014). The iron nanoparticle synthesized by marine actinomycetes Nocardiopsis sp. MSA13A has a significant i...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Editor
• Contributors
• Section I Introduction to Marine Omics
• Section II Marine Genomics
• Section III Marine Metagenomics
• Section IV Marine Glycomics
• Section V Marine Transcriptomics
• Section VI Marine Metabolomics
• Section VII Marine Nutrigenomics
• Section VIII Marine Pharmacogenomics
• Section IX Marine Bioinformatics
• Section X Marine Omics and Its Application in Nanotechnology
• Section XI Marine Lipidomics
• Section XII Marine Biocatalysts: Approach and Applications
• Section XIII Marine Foodomics
• Section XIV Marine Toxicogenomics
• Index