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Galatians (Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament)
Moo, Douglas J., Yarbrough, Robert W., Stein, Robert
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eBook - ePub
Galatians (Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament)
Moo, Douglas J., Yarbrough, Robert W., Stein, Robert
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About This Book
In this addition to the award-winning BECNT series, highly regarded New Testament scholar Douglas Moo offers a substantive yet accessible commentary on Galatians. With extensive research and thoughtful chapter-by-chapter exegesis, Moo leads readers through all aspects of the book of Galatians--sociological, historical, and theological--to help them better understand its meaning and relevance. As with all BECNT volumes, this commentary features the author's detailed interaction with the Greek text and an acclaimed, user-friendly design. It admirably achieves the dual aims of the series--academic sophistication with pastoral sensitivity and accessibility--making it a useful tool for pastors, church leaders, students, and teachers.
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Topic
Theologie & ReligionSubtopic
Biblischer Kommentar II. The Truth of the Gospel (1:11ā2:21)
III. The Defense of the Gospel (3:1ā5:12)
IV. The Life of the Gospel (5:13ā6:10)
V. Closing: Cross and New Creation (6:11ā18)
I. Introduction: The Cross and the New Age (1:1ā10)
Following the general pattern of letters in the Greco-Roman world, Galatians has three basic parts: opening, body, closing. Galatians 1:1ā10 is the letter opening. It falls into two parts: the typical epistolary salutation (vv. 1ā5) and an identification of the letterās occasion (vv. 6ā10). Paulās letter openings typically include four formal elements: an identification of the sender(s), an identification of the recipient(s), a āgrace and peaceā wish, and a thanksgiving. The first three are readily identifiable in verses 1ā3. But the fourth is absent. In the place where we would usually find the thanksgiving, we have instead a doxology (v. 5), after which Paul somewhat abruptly turns to the situation in the Galatian churches. He expresses consternation that the new believers are paying serious attention to false teachers (v. 6) and condemns the false teachers in very strong terms (vv. 7ā9). This departure from Paulās usual style (Titus is the only other Pauline letter that lacks a thanksgiving) reflects the situation he is addressing.[1] He has neither the time nor the inclination to thank God for the Galatians when their very identity as Christians hangs in the balance; as Chrysostom puts it, the letter ābreathes an indignant spiritā (Comm. Gal. on 1:1 [NPNF1 13:1]).
I. Introduction: The Cross and the New Age (1:1ā10)
B. Rebuke: The Occasion of the Letter (1:6ā10)
A. Prescript (1:1ā5)
The first five verses of Galatians form the prescript of the letterāthe somewhat formalized introductory elements. The standard form of this introduction in ancient letters is quite simple, usually taking the form of āX to Y, greetingsā (see Acts 15:23). Most of Paulās Letters follow this pattern with minimal adaptation and elaboration. In Galatians, however, as in some of his other letters (e.g., Romans and Titus), Paul adds quite a lot of material to this simple opening formula. These elaborations in Galatians, like the omission of the thanksgiving, probably reflect the situation in focus. Thus his typical identification of himself as an apostle is followed immediately by a defense of the divine authority of his office (v. 1)āan initial hint of an important argument in the letter (1:11ā2:10). Another signal about the course of the argument comes in verse 4, where Paul describes Christ as the one who āgave himself for our sins in order that he might rescue us from the present evil ageā (v. 4). The cross, and especially the epochal significance of the cross, is the fulcrum of Paulās strategy for persuading the Galatians to reject the overtures of the false teachers (see esp. 2:19ā20; 3:1, 13; 6:14). More surprising is the brief reference at the end of verse 1 to the resurrection of Christ. Only in Romans, among the other Letters of Paul, is there any reference to the resurrection (1:4), and there is no further reference to the resurrection in Galatians. Paul may be reminding the Galatians of the āgospelā that he preached among them (cf. 1 Cor. 15:1ā3). But the allusion probably also serves to underline the fundamental break in salvation history that the coming of Christ has created, for resurrection, against the background of the OT and Jewish theology, also signals the arrival of the new age.
Exegesis and Exposition
1Paulāan apostle chosen not by human beings nor by a human being but by Jesus Christ and God the Father, who raised him from the deadā2and all the brothers and sisters who are here with me to the churches of Galatia: 3Grace to you and peace from āGod our Father and the Lordā Jesus Christ, 4who has given himself āforā our sins in order that he might rescue us from the present evil age, according to the will of our God and Fatherā5to whom be glory forever and ever. Amen.
[1:1] Paul begins his Letter to the Galatians by identifying himself, as he does in all his letters, with his hellenized āRomanā name, Paul (Ī Ī±įæ¦Ī»ĪæĻ, Paulos). Paulās āHebrewā name, Ī£Ī±įæ¦Ī»ĪæĻ (Saulos, Saul), used in the early narratives about Paul in Acts, is never used by Paul himself in his letters. It has been theorized that Paul first took his Greek name in honor of his high-ranking convert, Sergius Paulus (Acts 13:6ā12; Luke first uses āPaulā in 13:13). But it is much more likely that āPaulā was the apostleās Latin cognomen (see, e.g., Bruce 1974: 38). Paul also typically designates himself an āapostleā in his letter openings (although the title is absent in Philippians, 1 and 2 Thessalonians, and Philemon). The word āapostleā (į¼Ļį½¹ĻĻĪæĪ»ĪæĻ, apostolos) means āone who is sent,ā an envoy; as Origen puts it, āEveryone who is sent by someone is an apostle of the one who sent himā (Origen, Comm. Jo. 32.17; quoted by H. D. Betz, ABD 1:309). Paul can use the word in a simple nontechnical sense (e.g., Phil. 2:25; 2 Cor. 8:23) and to denote Christians who have been sent as accredited missionaries (e.g., Rom. 16:7). But when describing himself, he uses apostolos to claim equal status with the original twelve apostles (e.g., Luke 6:13; see esp. 1 Cor. 9:1ā5 and Gal. 1:17, 19). When he claims apostolic status in his letter openings, Paul will often also trace that status to the call of God, but only here in Galatians does Paul set that divine calling in contrast to any possible human derivation.[2]
Paul has been chosen to be an apostle (the idea āchosenā [āsentā in NRSV and NIV; āappointedā in NLT] is implied in the word āapostleā) āby Jesus Christ and God the Father,ā and not āby human beingsā (į¼Ļį¾æ į¼Ī½ĪøĻį½½ĻĻĪ½, apā anthrÅpÅn) nor āby a human beingā (Ī“Ī¹į¾æ į¼Ī½ĪøĻį½½ĻĪæĻ
, diā anthrÅpou). The denial of any human involvement in Paulās apostolic status is echoed in his later claim that his gospel was not of human origin (1:11ā12). The most likely reason for this concern is that the agitators were attempting to undermine Paulās authority with the Galatians by arguing that his status and teaching depended on the Jerusalem apostles, whose views (as represented by the agitators) should therefore trump Paulās.[3] Paul not only highlights this denial by placing it before his reference to his divine commissioning; he also repeats the point for emphasis.
This repetition has sparked discussion because of the way Paul shifts the wording. He moves from the preposition apo to dia and from the plural anthrÅpÅn to the singular anthrÅpou. The latter change may signal a move from general to particular: Paul does not owe his apostolic status to āhuman beingsā in general; nor does he owe it to any particular human beingāperhaps someone such as James or Peter (e.g., Martyn 1997: 84). Such a distinction is possible, but it is perhaps more likely that the shift from plural to singular is simply stylistic. The change from apo to dia might also be stylistic, since the two prepositions have a semantic overlap in the idea of āultimate originā (on both prepositions, see BDAG 105ā7, 223ā26). However, dia more often refers to an intermediate agent: āthroughā rather than āfromā or ābyā (see the careful distinction in 1 Cor. 8:6: āFor us there is but one God, the Father, from [į¼Ī¾, ex] whom all things came and for whom we live; and there is but one Lord, Jesus Christ, through [Ī“Ī¹į½±, dia] whom all things came . . .ā).
Paul therefore is probably making two slightly different points in these phrases: the ultimate source of his apostleship was not human; nor did he receive it from, or through, any human being (āsourceā vs. āagencyā [A. Robertson 1934: 567]; āfountain-headā versus āchannelā [Lightfoot 1881: 71]; see also R. Longenecker 1990: 4; Silva 2003: 6). This interpretation fits Paulās general use of the two prepositions (see the additional note on 1:1) and satisfactorily explains why he uses both phrases. Of course, Paul does not intend to deny all human involvement in his calling and ministry, such as Ananiasās laying hands on Paul when he was converted (Acts 9:10ā19) or the church at Antiochās commissioning him and Barnabas for their first missionary journey (Acts 13:1ā3). Paulās point, rather, is that his apostolic status and authority do not depend on human beings in any essential way.[4]
An assertion of the divine origin of his apostleship is typical in Paulās letter openings, but the particular way he puts it here is again unique. Usually Paul attributes his apostleship simply to God: ācalled to be an apostle . . . by the will of Godā (1 Cor. 1:1; cf. Rom. 1:1, ācalled to be an apostleā); āby the will of Godā (2 Cor. 1:1; Eph. 1:1; Col. 1:1; 2 Tim. 1:1). Here, however, he attributes his calling to both āJesus Christā and āGod the Father.ā Paul does this also in 1 Tim. 1:1 (āby the command of God our Savior and of Christ Jesus our hopeā), but putting Christ before God still makes Galatians distinct. Paul reverses the usual order so that he can add to Godās name a reference to his raising Christ. It is probably because Christās name comes first that Paul uses the preposition Ī“Ī¹į½± (rather than, e.g., į¼Ļį½¹, apo, from/by) before both divine names.
To be sure, as we have seen above, this preposition can refer to ultimate agency, and a number of scholars think this must be its meaning here (Bruce 1982b: 73). But it is more likely that the preposition retains its usual instrumental meaning and that Paul is already thinking of the revelation of Jesus Christ to him as the point of his apostolic calling: he was chosen as an apostle āthroughā Jesus Christ as he was manifested to him on the road to Damascus (see 1:15ā16; e.g., Dunn 1993a: 27ā28; C. Campbell 2012: 244ā45). The difficulty then is to understand what this preposition means when it governs āGod the Fatherāāfor God is the originator rather than the mediator of Paulās apostleship.
One option is to think that the meaning of the preposition shifts from instrumental agent to ultimate agent.[5] But it is more likely that the preposition has the same instrumental sense in relation to both Christ and God the Father. Without denying that the Father is the ultimate agent of his apostleship, the Father is, along with the Son, the instrumental agent as well (Lightfoot 1881: 72; Dunn 1993a: 27). Moreover, we should refrain from insisting on too much precision in Paulās language. Note, for instance, that in verse 3 Paul can use the preposition į¼Ļį½¹ to govern both the Father and the Son (Lagrange 1918: 3). The introduction of a second and different preposition in either verse would detract from Paulās obvious concern to associate the Father and the Son as closely as possible. In such verses we find the building blocks of an incipient trinitarian theology.
The distinctive nature of Paulās apostolic identification is seen again at the end of verse 1. Only in Galatians does Paul attribute his apostolic status to āGod the Fatherā; and only here does he mention the resurrection with that status. (Paul does allude to the resurrection in the prescript of Romans [1:4], but it is not connected to Paulās apostleship.) Some scholars think that the reference to God the Father here and twice again in the letterās salutation (vv. 3 and 4) reflects an emphasis in the letter as a whole on God as the Father who adopts children to be his own (see 4:1ā7; Betz 1979: 39; Martyn 1997: 84). Yet the fatherhood of God does not play that great a role in Galatians; it is, for instance, far more prominent in Ephesians. Perha...
Table of contents
- Cover
- Series Page
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Series Preface
- Authorās Preface
- A Note to the Reader
- Abbreviations
- Transliteration
- Map
- Introduction to Galatians
- I. Introduction: The Cross and the New Age (1:1ā10)
- II. The Truth of the Gospel (1:11ā2:21)
- III. The Defense of the Gospel (3:1ā5:12)
- IV. The Life of the Gospel (5:13ā6:10)
- V. Closing: Cross and New Creation (6:11-18)
- Works Cited
- Index of Subjects
- Index of Authors
- Index of Greek Words
- Index of Scripture and Other Ancient Writings
- Notes
- Back Cover
Citation styles for Galatians (Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament)
APA 6 Citation
[author missing]. (2013). Galatians (Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament) ([edition unavailable]). Baker Publishing Group. Retrieved from https://www.perlego.com/book/2051023/galatians-baker-exegetical-commentary-on-the-new-testament-pdf (Original work published 2013)
Chicago Citation
[author missing]. (2013) 2013. Galatians (Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament). [Edition unavailable]. Baker Publishing Group. https://www.perlego.com/book/2051023/galatians-baker-exegetical-commentary-on-the-new-testament-pdf.
Harvard Citation
[author missing] (2013) Galatians (Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament). [edition unavailable]. Baker Publishing Group. Available at: https://www.perlego.com/book/2051023/galatians-baker-exegetical-commentary-on-the-new-testament-pdf (Accessed: 15 October 2022).
MLA 7 Citation
[author missing]. Galatians (Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament). [edition unavailable]. Baker Publishing Group, 2013. Web. 15 Oct. 2022.