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The Creation Myth of the Arts Council
Introduction
In 1930s Britain, the relationship between the state and the arts was a subject of intense debate and substantial press and public interest. There were active campaigns to gain government subsidy for live music and theatre, attracting support from those with otherwise deeply opposed political views. Conferences were held at which some of the best-known figures in the arts first debated issues which were to preoccupy the Arts Council of Great Britain for decades. Ministers, despite objections from their civil servants, gave tax breaks for live performances. And the debate continued in wartime: for years after 1940, when CEMA â the Council for the Encouragement of Music and the Arts â was set up, it was widely seen as an improvised short-term expedient, rather than as the basis of a permanent peacetime funder of the arts.
None of this is apparent from what has been written about the origins of government arts subsidy in Britain. Instead there has been largely unbroken consensus on four points:
âThe British government in the 1930s provided no financial support for live music and theatre, and had no interest in doing so.
âIn the 1930s there was little demand for subsidy. In various forms this view is almost universal in work published on the subject. Some writers choose, without explanation, not to look back before the founding of CEMA. Others regard it as so settled that government arts subsidy in Britain was not a live issue in the 1930s that they report it as a fact, cite no evidence and move on. Others again argue that on the relatively rare occasions before the war when state subsidy was discussed, it was generally opposed: the examples of Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and Soviet Russia caused government funding of music and theatre to be seen as a route to state control of these arts.
âThe coming of war changed all this. CEMA, initially a private charitable initiative, received from the start government help in kind. After a few months, Treasury funds, channelled via the Board of Education, made the government a co-funder. The general view is that this was due wholly to the war.
âThe creation of the Arts Council of Great Britain in 1945 was the natural, almost inevitable, development of CEMAâs wartime work.
This book considers the evidence behind each element of this consensus. It concludes that none of them withstands scrutiny.
Debunking an established myth becomes particularly worthwhile when it reveals more interesting truths behind the myth. That is the case with government funding of theatre and music in Britain. Three stories from the 1930s and wartime have been forgotten or untold: those of Alfred Wareingâs League of Audiences, John Christieâs âCouncil of Powerâ/National Council of Music and Geoffrey Whitworthâs Stage and Allied Arts Defence League. The names are redolent of their period; their history, individually and collectively, casts an unexpected light on the cultural politics of the time and on the personalities of those, famous and less famous, in the arts, politics and the church, who supported or opposed them.
The Creation Myth and Its Persistence
John Maynard Keynes made probably the earliest, and certainly the most influential, statement of the Arts Councilâs âcreation mythâ. Keynes, its founding Chairman, had also chaired CEMA. In July 1945 he gave a radio talk setting out his aims for the new organization and describing the origins of CEMA and the Arts Council:
⌠in the early days of the war, when all sources of comfort were at a low ebb, there came into existence ⌠a body officially styled the âCouncil for the Encouragement of Music and the Artsâ .⌠one of the last acts of the Coalition Government was to decide that C.E.M.A., with a new name and wider opportunities, should be continued in time of peace.1
Keynes presented CEMA as arising, without pre-war roots, from the early wartime landscape, and implied that the Arts Council was CEMAâs almost inevitable successor. On both points he has been followed by almost all later commentators.
The most succinct â indeed, elliptical â statement of this view came fifty years later, in Andrew Sinclairâs 1995 history of the Arts Council. It was a seven-word slogan: âWar was the foundation of the arts.â2 Sinclairâs 500-page account of the Councilâs first fifty years, Arts and Cultures, was commissioned by the Arts Council itself. His opening twenty-four pages are a prologue ambitiously covering the period from Gilgamesh and Nebuchadnezzar to 1939. The prologueâs penultimate page lists a number of âbodies interested in adult education and the arts in the nineteen-thirtiesâ.3 Despite casting his net so widely as to include the Womenâs Institutes and Townswomenâs Guilds, Sinclair mentioned no 1930s campaigns for arts subsidy. Indeed he made two assertions which suggested that there was none of any significance. The first is the quotation above. The second is that âthe rise of Fascism and Communismâ meant that the 1930s âwas no climate for the patronage of threatened culturesâ.4 In the context of a chapter on what preceded CEMA, the meaning is clear: the cause of public funding of the arts was neglected or actively unpopular in the 1930s and it took the war to change this. Having disposed of the pre-war period, Sinclair began Chapter 1 with an account of the December 1939 conference which led to CEMAâs establishment. This, Sinclair suggested, resulted from the insight that âThere would be no victory without uplift as well as entertainmentâ.5
It is not only those associated with the Arts Council who have followed Keynesâ lead in this respect; it is difficult to find anywhere a modern commentator expressing a contrary view. A few examples illustrate this.
The subtitle of Robert Hewisonâs Culture and Consensus (1995)6 is England, art and politics since 1940. Hewison explained in his introduction why he chose this starting date: âTo understand how the present status and condition of the arts were arrived at in the British â or more specifically English â context, it is necessary to go back to the point when a British government first took on a formal and general responsibility for the arts in January 1940.â7 It seems that no purpose would have been served by going back before 1940.
John S Harrisâ Government Patronage of the Arts in Great Britain (1970)8 contains a chapter about public subsidy up to 1945. It begins by discussing British government support for museums and galleries from the eighteenth century. The following section, headed âWorld War II and the Emergence of Government Supportâ, places government subsidy in this context: âWhen Britain declared war on Germany in 1939, few observers of the contemporary scene could have predicted that the six years of bitter conflict and privation would induce the nation to undertake a new and significant activity â public patronage of the arts.â9 Harrisâ view was, clearly, that this public patronage was a conseq...