Petroleum Science and Technology

Petroleum Generation, Accumulation and Prospecting

Muhammad Abdul Quddus

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2021
• ISBN:
  9781000339239
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Politics & International Relations
• Subtopic: Immigration Policy
• Index: Politics & International Relations

Petroleum Science and Technology: Petroleum Generation, Accumulation and Prospecting describes natural hydrocarbon geology along with applicable aspects of physics, chemistry, biology, environmental science, mathematics, and engineering/technology. It starts off with a brief coverage of the origin and evolution of the universe, petroleum origin and generation in subsurface condition, source rock, oil/gas migration path and reservoir rock. Geological, geophysical, and geochemical petroleum surveys are also included. This book covers both theory and applied information. Aimed at graduate students, researchers, and professionals in petroleum engineering and chemical engineering, it:

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• Covers petroleum geology and technology including petroleum generation, migration, and reservoir formation

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• Introduces the nature and formation of petroleum and its exploration

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• Describes oil/gas prospecting using geophysico-chemical methods under subsurface condition

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• Includes a detailed geochemical survey along with an analysis of kerogen and bitumen

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• Explains petroleum migration and accumulation using two-dimensional graphs

MA Quddus PhD, has served in the petroleum sector and R&D organization, both national and multinational, for more than 40 years and has worked in various capacities including in the laboratory, office, field, and plant, and has also engaged in teaching petroleum technology as a visiting professor for 17 years. He earned BSc (Hons) and MSc degrees along with a PhD with thesis titled "Oxidation of Asphalt." As a result of his constant research, he has published nine international and 12 national papers, obtained one patent, presented five papers in conferences and prepared six technical reports. He has also visited the USA, Canada, and Indonesia for short courses in petroleum technology and teacher training.

1 Petroleum Pre-Period

1.1 Introduction

What is the origin of petroleum? Such and related questions are often asked and most probably answered properly. Most agree that organic matter is the precursor of petroleum. How did organic matter evolve? Inorganic lifeless matter prevailed before organic matter and living organisms. What is matter, and how it is generated and held together? Or simply how did the whole universe evolve, and what are its constituents? It will be interesting to seek answers to these questions. A brief account of the different events of universe creation and evolution that ultimately led to the advent of life on earth and the present stage of the universe is given below.

1.2 Creation of the Universe

What is the nature of universe? Is it a single universe or multiple universes? The commonly defined present universe includes the entire cosmos from the smallest particle on earth to the largest galaxy and black hole in the universe with enormous size. The expanse of the universe is trillions of light years across. Cosmos and universe are interchangeable words. The scientific study of the universe in terms of its origin, development and future possibilities is known as cosmology. The universe observable even by the largest telescope is much smaller than the entire universe. The universe is in an ‘excellent ordered’ system, created by nature. Most probably the universe originated from a super dense pointed matter that expanded rapidly. The question may arise, from where did the super dense matter come into being? Many theories and hypotheses explain the creation of the universe and super dense matter. Some of them are stated below.

1.2.1 Study State Theory

The ‘study state’ theory is of the view that the universe existed always similar to the present form with alteration on a minor level. It is observed that a ‘star system’ within a galaxy collapses (death) with the release of radiation along with fundamental particles, atoms, elements, ions and molecules and highly condensed star residue. Again, these newly created radiations along with fundamental particles, atoms, elements, ions and molecules aggregated and contracted to form (birth) a new star system. The natural cycles of star birth/death or creation/destruction are continuing in the universe and a steady state is maintained in the universe.

1.2.2 Multiple Universes

Multiple universes are a hypothetical possibility. It includes this universe and any other parallel universes. The collapse of one universe into a super-giant point mass is followed by another giant expansion and creation of a new universe.

1.2.3 Dark Energy and Dark Matter

The fundamental units of the universe consist of ‘dark energy’ and ‘dark matter’. Dark energy and dark matter are inter-convertible under suitable conditions of natural forces. The dark energy is responsible for the expansion and development of the universe by pushing the space matter and galaxies away from each other. It is a repulsive force against the inward gravitational pull or contraction. Dark matter is highly condensed, of high density and with great inward gravitational pull. It emits no light and is not visible. Dark matter is detected only by its capacity for the gravitational pull of the other visible object in space.

1.2.4 Pulsating Theory

The theory states that the universe is expanding and contracting alternatively. That is to say that the universe is pulsating. The current expansion of the universe will stop at a certain point in time by the gravitational pull of the total mass of the universe. The stoppage of expansion triggers the contraction of the universe. After contraction to a certain point (super dense point matter), an explosion (Big Bang) again occurs and the universe again starts to expand and develop.

1.2.5 Big Bang Theory

According to the ‘Big Bang’ theory, the universe was created about 14.7 billion years ago, as a result of a mass explosion. The Big Bang was an explosion, with a high speed equal to the velocity of light at a very high temperature, of a small point of super dense spherical mass, containing probably an enormous amount of neutron particles. The neutron particles disintegrated into the universe (boundless) with a high temperature and with the velocity of light (186,000 miles/sec). From where did the neutron sphere come into being and form this super dense spherical ball? Now it is speculated that very high energy was concentrated in the small sphere in wave form or radiation!

If it is supposed that the explosion was a forward reaction for universe creation, then a reversible reaction is possible. The universe at a certain time can coalesce or contract into its original small ball point by natural forces.

The assumption assured the sustainability of the universe. The explosion was the beginning time (t₀) of the universe. The universe evolved to the present stage through various eras of evolutions and activities.

1.2.6 Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity

Einstein’s general theory does not explain the origin of the universe but defines the shape of the universe. The theory deals with space and time in the universe. The theory of relativity is related to the effect of the gravitational force on celestial bodies of the universe. The theory states ‘gravity pulling in one direction is equivalent to acceleration in the opposite direction’ that creates curvature in space.

1.3 Radiation Era

The Big Bang explosion occurred at very a high temperature that produced a tremendous amount of massless radiation. The radiation spread all around, forming an expanding radiation universe. The temperature dropped first rapidly and thereafter gradually decreased. In these conditions the disintegrated radiation coalesced and converted to particles of protons, neutrons and mesons, etc. These particles are called ‘heavy particles’ since they have appreciable mass. The interaction of radiation with heavy particles resulted in the emergence of lighter fundamental particles, namely electrons, neutrinos and positrons. The lighter fundamental particles were almost massless. An electron has a mass of one-thousandth of the lightest atom, the hydrogen atom. All these light and heavy particles are known as ‘fundamental particles’ and are considered as the subdivision and basic units of atoms and all matter. At present about 200 fundamental particles have been discovered and are considered as the initial form of matter.

Together all the fundamental particl...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half-Title
• Title
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Contents
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Author
• Introduction
• Chapter 1 Petroleum Pre-Period
• Chapter 2 Petroleum Origin and Generation
• Chapter 3 Petroleum Migration and Accumulation
• Chapter 4 Petroleum Geological Survey
• Chapter 5 Petroleum Geophysical Survey
• Chapter 6 Petroleum Seismological Survey
• Chapter 7 Petroleum Geo-Electrical Survey
• Chapter 8 Petroleum Geochemical Survey
• References
• Index