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Hundreds of sage observations from China's most revered scholar Teacher, politician, philosopher, and student, Confucius offered wisdom and aphorisms on a variety of topics that transcend borders and time. Whether considering his own life, human nature, or a society's responsibilities, Confucius's teachings emphasize personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice, and sincerity. He aimed to effect social and political reform, and left a legacy of wisdom that remains true today. Organized by topic and accompanied with contextual footnotes, this collection of quotes, sayings, and lessons is often as entertaining as it is educational.
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Topic
Theology & ReligionSubtopic
Religious BiographiesTen
Good and bad governmentâSuperior
men and humanenessâMiscellaneous sayingsâEstimate of historical charactersâMurder of a dukeâThe superior manâReturning good for evilâWorthies retiring from the worldâA kingâs mourningâA renegade discipleâA precocious youth.
men and humanenessâMiscellaneous sayingsâEstimate of historical charactersâMurder of a dukeâThe superior manâReturning good for evilâWorthies retiring from the worldâA kingâs mourningâA renegade discipleâA precocious youth.
1. Yuen Sz1 asked what might (be considered to) bring shame on one.
âPay,â said the Master; âpayâ(ever looking to that), whether the country be well or badly governed.â
2. âWhen imperiousness, boastfulness, resentments, and covetousness cease to prevail (among the people), may it be considered that mutual goodwill has been effected?ââTo this question the Master replied, âA hard thing (overcome) it may be considered. But as to the mutual good-willâI cannot tell.â
3. âLearned officials,â said he, âwho hanker after a home life, are not worthy of being esteemed as such.â
4. Again, âIn a country under good government, speak boldly, act boldly. When the land is ill-governed, though you act boldly, let your words be moderate.â
5. Again, âMen of virtue will needs be men of words [i. e. will speak out], but men of words are not necessarily men of virtue. They who care for their fellow-men will needs be bold, but the bold may not necessarily be such as care for their fellow-men.â
6. Nan-kung Kwoh, who was consulting Confucius, observed respecting I, the skilful archer, and Ngau, who could propel a boat on dry land,1 that neither of them died a natural death; while Yu and Tsih,2 who with their own hands had laboured at husbandry, came to wield imperial sway.
The Master gave him no reply.1 But when the speaker had gone out he exclaimed, âA superior man, that! A man who values virtue, that!â
7. âThere have been noble-minded men,â said he, âwho yet were wanting in philanthropy; but never has there been a small-minded man who had philanthropy in him.â
8. He asked, âCan any one refuse to toil for those he loves? Can any one to exhort, who is true-hearted?â
9. Speaking of the preparation of Government Notifications (in his day) he said, âPâi would draw up a rough sketch of what was to be said; the Shi-shuh1 then looked it carefully through and put it into proper shape; Tsz-yu next, who was master of the ceremonial of State intercourse, improved and adorned its phrases; and Tsz-châan of Tung-li added his scholarly embellishments thereto.â
10. To some one who asked his opinion of the last-named,2 he said, âHe was a kind-hearted man.ââAsked what he thought of Tsz-si,3 he exclaimed, âAlas for him! alas for him!ââAsked again about Kwan Chung,4 his answer was, âAs to him, he once seized the town of Pâin with its three hundred families from the Chief of the Pih clan, who, afterwards reduced to living upon coarse rice, with all his teeth gone, never uttered a word of complaint.â
11. âIt is no light thing,â said he, âto endure poverty uncomplainingly; and no difficult thing to bear wealth without becoming arrogant.â
12. Respecting Mang Kung-châoh,1 he said that, while he was fitted for something better than the post of chief officer in the Chau or Wei families, he was not competent to act as minister in (small States like those of) Tâang or Sieh.
13. Tsz-lu asked how he would describe a perfect man. He replied, âLet a man have the sagacity of Tsang Wu-chung,1 the freedom from covetousness of Kung-châoh,2 the boldness of Chwang3 of Pin, and the attainments in polite arts of Yen Yu;4 and gift him further with the graces taught by the Books of Rites and Musicâthen he may be considered a perfect man. âBut,â said he, âwhat need of such in these days? The man that may be regarded as perfect (now) is the one who, seeing some advantage to himself, is mindful of righteousness; who, seeing danger, risks his life; and who, if bound by some covenant of long standing, never forgets its conditions as life goes on.â
14. Respecting Kung-shuh W n,1 the Master inquired of Kung-ming KiĂĄ,2 saying, âIs it true that your master never speaks, never laughs, never takes (aught from others)?â
âThose who told you that of him,â said he, âhave gone too far. My master speaks when there is occasion to do so, and men are not surfeited with his speaking. When there is occasion to be merry too, he will laugh, but men have never overmuch of his laughing. And whenever it is just and right to take (things from others), he will take them, but never so as to allow men to think him burdensome.â
âIs that the case with him?â said the Master. âCan it be so?â
15. Respecting Tsang Wu-chung [see 13], the Master said, âWhen he sought from Lu the appointment of a successor to him, and for this object held on to his possession of (the fortified city of) Fang âif you say he was not then using constraint towards his prince, I must refuse to believe it.â
16. Duke W n of Tsin he characterized as âartful but not uprightâ; and duke Hwan of Tsâi as âupright but not artful.â1
17. Tsz-lu remarked, âWhen duke Hwan caused his brother Kiu to be put to death, ShĂĄu Hwuh committed suicide, but Kwan Chung did not.2 I should say he was not a man who had much good-will in himâeh?â
The Master replied, âWhen duke Hwan held a great gathering of the feudal lords, dispensing with military equipage, it was owing to Kwan Chungâs energy that such an event was brought about. Match such good-will as thatâmatch it if you can.â
18. Tsz-kung then spoke up. âBut was not Kwan Chung wanting in good-will? He could not give up his life when duke Hwan caused his brother to be put to death. Besides, he became the dukeâs counsellor.â
âAnd in acting as his counsellor put him at the head of all the feudal lords,â said the Master, âand unified and reformed the whole empire; and the people, even to this day, reap benefit from what he did. Had it not been for him we should have been going about with locks unkempt and buttoning our jackets (like barbarians) on the left.âWould you suppose that he should show the same sort of attachment as exists between a poor yokel and his one wifeâthat he would asphyxiate himself in some sewer, leaving no one the wiser?â
19. Kung-shuh W nâs1 steward, (who became) the high officer Sien, went up accompanied by W n to the princeâs hall of audience.2
When Confucius heard of this he remarked, âHe may well be esteemed a âW n.ââ3
20. The Master having made some reference to the lawless ways of duke Ling of Wei, Ki Kâang said to him, âIf he be like that, how is it he does not ruin his position?â
Confucius answered, âThe Chung-shuh,1 Yu, is charged with the entertainment of visitors and strangers; the priest Tâo has charge of the ancestral temple; and Wang-sun KiĂĄ has the control of the army and its divisions:âwith men such as those, how should he come to ruin?â
21. He once remarked, âHe who is unblushing in his words will with difficulty substantiate them.â
22. Châin Shing had slain duke Kien.2 (Hearing of this), Confucius, after performing his ablutions, went to Court and announced the news to duke Ngai, saying, âChâin Hang3 has slain his prince. May I request that you proceed against him?â
âInform the Chiefs of the Three Families,â said the duke.
(Soliloquizing upon this), Confucius said, âSince he uses me to back his ministers,1 I did not dare not to announce the ma...
Table of contents
- Cover Page
- Title Page
- Table of Contents
- One
- Two
- Three
- Four
- Five
- Six
- Seven
- Eight
- Nine
- Ten
- Eleven
- Twelve
- Copyright Page