REFERENCES
ONE: THE BREATH OF LIFE
1Donald E. Canfield, Oxygen: A Four Billion Year History (Princeton, NJ, 2014), pp. 196, 156.
2Connie C. W. Hsia et al., âEvolution of Air Breathing: Oxygen Homeostasis and the Transitions from Water to Land and Skyâ, Comparative Physiology, III (2013), pp. 849â915.
3Sarah K. Griffiths and Jeremy P. Campbell, âPlacental Structure, Function and Drug Transferâ, Continuing Education in Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain, XV (2015), pp. 84â9.
4J. G. Nijhuis et al., âThe Rhythmicity of Fetal Breathing Varies with Behavioural State in the Human Fetusâ, Early Human Development, IX (1983), pp. 1â7.
5Peter Lewis and Peter Boylan, âFetal Breathing: A Reviewâ, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, CXXXIV (1979), pp. 587â98.
6Ibid.
7M. Obladen, âPulmo Uterinus: A History of Ideas on Fetal Respirationâ, Journal of Perinatal Medicine, XLI (2018), pp. 457â64.
8John Bostock, An Elementary System of Physiology, vol. II (London, 1826), p. 643.
9S. Joshi et al., âExercise-induced Bronchoconstriction in School-aged Children Who Had Chronic Lung Disease in Infancyâ, Journal of Pediatrics, CLXII (2013), pp. 813â18.
10Rhea Urs et al., âPersistent and Progressive Long-term Lung Disease in Survivors of Preterm Birthâ, Paediatric Respiratory Reviews, XXVI (2018), pp. 87â94.
TWO: EARLY BELIEFS
1J. Kappelman et al., âFirst Homo Erectus From Turkey and Implications for Migration into Temperate Eurasiaâ, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, CXXXV (2008), pp. 110â16.
2Jakub Kwiecinski, âImages of the Respiratory System in Ancient Egypt: Trachea, Bronchi and Pulmonary Lobesâ, Canadian Respiratory Journal, XIX (2012) pp. 33â4.
3Ibid.
4Friedrich Solmsen, âThe Vital Heat, the Inborn Pneuma and the Aetherâ, Journal of Hellenic Studies, LXXVII (1957), pp. 119â23.
5Ernest Best, âThe Use and Non-use of Pneuma by Josephusâ, Novum Testamentum, III (1959), pp. 218â25.
6Kishor Patwardhan, âThe History of the Discovery of Blood Circulation: Unrecognized Contributions of Ayurveda Mastersâ, Advances in Physiology Education, XXXVI (2012), pp. 77â82.
7Aparna Singh, âPhysiological Appraisal of Prana Vayu in Ayurvedic Literaturesâ, International Journal of Physiology, Nutrition and Physical Education, III (2018), pp. 2157â9.
8Pedzisai Mazengenya and Rashid Bhikha, âAn Analysis of Historical Vignettes by Ibn Sina in the Canon of Medicine on the Structure and Function of the Cardiorespiratory Apparatusâ, Archives of Iranian Medicine, XX (2017), pp. 386â8.
9Seyyed Mehdi Hashemi and Mohsin Raza, âThe Traditional Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Diseases: A Description From Avicennaâs Canon of Medicineâ, Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease, III (2009), pp. 319â28; John B. West, âIbn Al-Nafis, the Pulmonary Circulation, and the Islamic Golden Ageâ, Journal of Applied Physiology, CV (2008), pp. 1877â80.
10Reinaldo Bulgarelli Bestetti et al., âDevelopment of Anatomophysiologic Knowledge Regarding the Cardiovascular System: From Egypt to Harveyâ, Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, CIII (2014), 38Sâ45S.
11Bryan Gandevia, âThe Breath of Life: An Essay on the Earliest History of Respiration. Part 1â, Australian Journal of Physiotherapy, XVI (1970), pp. 5â11.
12John W. Severinghaus, âEight Sages over Five Centuries Share Oxygenâs Discoveryâ, Advances in Physiology Education, XL (2016), pp. 370â76.
13Concealed lung anatomy in Botticelliâs masterpieces The Primavera and the Birth of Venus. Davide Lazzeri, Acta Biomedica, LXXXVIII, (2017), pp. 502â9.
14Donald Fleming, âGalen on the Motions of the Blood in the Heart and Lungsâ, Isis, XLVI (1955), pp. 14â21; Donald Fleming, âWilliam Harvey and the Pulmonary Circulationâ, Isis, XLVI (1955), pp. 319â27.
15Leonard G. Wilson, âThe Transformation of Ancient Concepts of Respiration in the Seventeenth Centuryâ, Isis, LI (1960), pp. 161â72.
16Lavoisier Antoine Laurent, Encyclopaedia Britannica (1971), vol. XIII, pp. 818â19.
17M. J. Eadie, âRobert Whytt and the Pupilsâ, Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, VII (2000), pp. 295â7.
18Char...