Thermal Energy Storage with Phase Change Materials

Mohammed Farid, Amar Auckaili, Gohar Gholamibozanjani, Mohammed Farid, Amar Auckaili, Gohar Gholambozanjani

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2021
• ISBN:
  9781000406641
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Physical Sciences
• Subtopic: Energy

This book focuses on latent heat storage, which is one of the most efficient ways of storing thermal energy. Unlike the sensible heat storage method, the latent heat storage method provides much higher storage density with a smaller difference between storing and releasing temperatures.

Thermal Energy Storage with Phase Change Materials is structured into four chapters that cover many aspects of thermal energy storage and their practical applications. Chapter 1 reviews selection, performance, and applications of phase change materials. Chapter 2 investigates mathematical analyses of phase change processes. Chapters 3 and 4 present passive and active applications for energy saving, peak load shifting, and price-based control heating using phase change materials.

These chapters explore the hot topic of energy saving in an overarching way, and so they are relevant to all courses. This book is an ideal research reference for students at the postgraduate level. It also serves as a useful reference for electrical, mechanical, and chemical engineers and students throughout their work.

FEATURES

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• Explains the technical principles of thermal energy storage, including materials and applications in different classifications

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• Provides fundamental calculations of heat transfer with phase change

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• Discusses the benefits and limitations of different types of phase change materials (PCM) in both micro- and macroencapsulations

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• Reviews the mechanisms and applications of available thermal energy storage systems

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• Introduces innovative solutions in hot and cold storage applications

1 Phase Change Material Selection and Performance

Introduction

Latent heat storage is one of the most efficient ways of storing thermal energy. Unlike the sensible heat storage method, latent heat storage provides much higher storage density, with a smaller difference between storing and releasing temperatures. Phase change materials (PCMs), which melt and solidify at close to ambient temperature, offer a great advantage in reducing the energy needed for heating and air-conditioning of buildings [1]. Energy analysis of PCM-integrated buildings strongly depends on the melting point, latent heat, location, and the amount of the PCM incorporated into the building as well as the climatic conditions and the design of the building. Thermal comfort is usually within the range of 22°C–27°C in summer and 18°C–24°C in winter. Therefore, for building applications, the melting temperature of PCM should lie between 18°C and 27°C depending on the type of building, season, relative humidity, clothing worn, activity levels, and other factors.

PCM should melt congruently with minimum subcooling and be chemically stable, low cost, nontoxic, and noncorrosive. Materials that have been studied during the last 40 years are hydrated salts, paraffin waxes, fatty acids, and eutectics of organic and nonorganic compounds. Farid et al. [2] also introduced a new type III deep eutectic solvents based on choline chloride as a quaternary ammonium salt and calcium chloride hexahydrate as a hydrated salt. Hydrated salts have larger energy storage density and higher thermal conductivity but experience supercooling and phase segregation, and hence, their application requires the use of some nucleating and thickening agents. Paraffin waxes are cheap and have moderate thermal energy storage density but low thermal conductivity and, hence, to be applied, require a large surface area.

The main concern in using paraffin in building constructions is its flammability, as it can easily catch fire if not properly protected. Several methods have been attempted to reduce paraffin flammability. Farid et al. [3] showed that the incorporation of fire retardants into shape-stabilized PCM reduced its flammability. In an event of fire, fire retardant will delay the combustion of PCM and other building materials, allowing more time to evacuate the building.

For the PCMs to be used in any application, they must be encapsulated to prevent them from leaking out, and hence, significant research has been carried out by Farid in the application of microencapsulated or form-stable PCM where PCM is contained within the structure of polymer [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11].

The long-term stability of PCMs is also a focal point in the efficient energy utilization in buildings. Farid et al. studied the long-term thermal performance of organic PCMs when exposed to a constant temperature above their melting point. The results showed that paraffin-based PCMs experienced significant irreversible physical change with time if it was not encapsulated, while no significant change was observed for the mixed ester compounds [12].

In addition to building application, Farid et al. have shown that PCM can be used for cold storage applications [13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20], thermal management of Li-ion battery [21, 22, 23 and 24], improving the efficiency of photovoltaic cells [25] and heat recovery system in compressed air energy storage system [26].

References

1. 1. Farid MM, Khudhair AM, Razack SAK, Al-Hallaj S. A review on phase change energy storage: Materials and applications. Energy Convers Manag 2004;45:1597–615. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2003.09.015.
2. 2. Shahbaz K, Alnashef IM, Lin RJT, Hashim MA, Mjalli FS, Farid MM. A novel calcium chloride hexahydrate-based deep eutectic solvent as a phase change materials. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 2016;155:147–54. doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2016.06.004.
3. 3. Sittisart P, Farid MM. Fire retardants for phase change materials. Appl Energy 2011;88:3140–5. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.02.005.
4. 4. Jamekhorshid A, Sadrameli SM, Farid M. A review of microencapsulation methods of phase change materials (PCMs) as a thermal energy storage (TES) medium. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2014;31:531–42. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2013.12.033.
5. 5. Rahman A, Adschiri T, Farid M. Microindentation of microencapsulated phase change materials. Adv Mater Res 2011;275:85–8.
6. 6. Al-Shannaq R, Farid M, Al-Muhtaseb S, Kurdi J. Emulsion stability and cross-linking of PMMA microcapsules containing phase change materials. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 2015;132:311–8.
7. 7. Al-Shannaq R, Kurdi J, Al-Muhtaseb S, Farid M. Innovative method of metal coating of microcapsules containing phase change materials. Sol Energy 2016;129:54–64.
8. 8. Giro-Paloma J, Al-Shannaq R, Fernández AI, Farid MM. Preparation and characterization of microencapsulated phase change materials for use in building applications. Materials (Basel) 2016;9:11.
9. 9. Al-Shannaq R, Farid MM. A novel graphite-PCM composite sphere with enhanced thermo-physical properties. Appl Therm Eng 2018;142:401–9.
10. 10. Farid M, Al Shannaq R, Shaheen A-M, Kurdi J. Method for low temperature microencapsulation of phase change materials 2018.
11. 11. Saputro EA, Al-Shannaq R, Farid MM. Performance of metal and non-metal coated phase change materials microcapsules when used in compressed air energy storage system. Appl Therm Eng 2019;157:113715.
12. 12. Behzadi S, Farid MM. Long term thermal stability of organic PCMs. Appl Energy 2014;122:11–6.
13. 13. Oró E, de Gracia A, Castell A, Farid MM, Cabeza LF. Review on phase change materials (PCMs) for cold thermal energy storage applications. Appl Energy 2012;99:513–33. doi:10.1016/J.APENERGY.2012.03.058.
14. 14. Gin B, Farid MM, Bansal P. Modeling of phase change material implemented into cold storage application. HVAC&R Res 2011;17:257–67.
15. 15. Gin B, Farid MM, Bansal PK. Effect of door opening and defrost cycle on a freezer with phase change panels. Energy Convers Manag 2010;51:2698–706.
16. 16. Oro E, Miro L, Farid MM, Cabeza LF. Thermal analysis of a low temperature storage unit using phase change materials without refrigeration system. Int J Refrig 2012;35:1709–14.
17. 17. Oró E, Miró L, Barreneche C, Martorell I, Farid MM, Cabeza LF. Corrosion of metal and polymer containers for use in PCM cold storage. Appl Energy 2013;109:449–53.
18. 18. Oró E, Cabeza LF, Farid MM. Experimental and numerical analysis of a chilly bin incorporating phase change material. Appl Therm Eng 2013;58:61–7.
19. 19. Kozak Y, Farid M, Ziskind G. Experimental and comprehensive theoretical study of cold storage packages containing PCM. Appl Therm Eng 2017;115:899–912.
20. 20. Al-Shannaq R, Young B, Farid M. Cold energy storage in a packed bed of novel graphite/PCM composite spheres. Energy 2019;171:296–305.
21. 21. Khateeb SA, Amiruddin S, Farid M, Selman JR...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Table of Contents
• Preface
• Editors
• Contributors
• Chapter 1 Phase Change Material Selection and Performance
• Chapter 1.1 A Review on Phase Change Energy Storage: Materials and Applications
• Chapter 1.2 Fire Retardants for Phase Change Materials
• Chapter 1.3 Long-Term Thermal Stability of Organic PCMs
• Chapter 1.4 A Novel Calcium Chloride Hexahydrate-Based Deep Eutectic Solvent as a Phase Change Material
• Chapter 2 Mathematical Analysis of Phase Change Processes
• Chapter 2.1 A New Approach in the Calculation of Heat Transfer with Phase Change
• Chapter 2.2 Effect of Natural Convection on the Process of Melting and Solidification of Paraffin Wax
• Chapter 2.3 The Role of Natural Convection during Melting and Solidification of PCM in a Vertical Cylinder
• Chapter 2.4 Thermal Performance of a Heat Storage Module Using PCMs with Different Melting Temperatures: Mathematical Modeling
• Chapter 2.5 Performance of Direct Contact Latent Heat Storage Units with Two Hydrated Salts
• Chapter 3 Energy Saving, Peak Load Shifting and Price-Based Control Heating: Passive Applications
• Chapter 3.1 A Review on Energy Conservation in Building Applications with Thermal Storage by Latent Heat Using Phase Change Materials
• Chapter 3.2 Impact of Energy Storage in Buildings on Electricity Demand Side Management
• Chapter 3.3 Experimental Validation of a Methodology to Assess PCM Effectiveness in Cooling Building Envelopes Passively
• Chapter 3.4 Peak Load Shifting with Energy Storage and Price-Based Control System
• Chapter 3.5 Application of Weather Forecast in Conjunction with Price-Based Method for PCM Solar Passive Buildings – An Experimental Study
• Chapter 3.6 Application of PCM Energy Storage in Combination with Night Ventilation for Space Cooling
• Chapter 3.7 Application of PCM Underfloor Heating in Combination with PCM Wallboards for Space Heating Using Price-Based Control System
• Chapter 3.8 Analysis of Energy Requirements versus Comfort Levels for the Integration of Phase Change Materials in Buildings
• Chapter 3.9 Benefits of PCM Underfloor Heating with PCM Wallboards for Space Heating in Winter
• Chapter 4 Energy-Saving, Peak Load Shifting and Price-Based Control Heating and Cooling: Active Applications
• Chapter 4.1 Application of an Active PCM Storage System into a Building for Heating/Cooling Load Reduction
• Chapter 4.2 Peak Load Shifting Using a Price-Based Control in PCM-Enhanced Buildings
• Chapter 4.3 Model Predictive Control Strategy Applied to Different Types of Building for Space Heating
• Chapter 4.4 A Comparison between Passive and Active PCM Systems Applied to Buildings
• Index