The Veiled Woman of Achill

Patricia Byrne

• Publisher: The Collins Press
• Year: 2012
• ISBN:
  9781848899537
• Topic: History
• Subtopic: Historical Biographies
• Index: History

At Valley House on Achill Island in 1894, an English landowner, Agnes MacDonnell, was brutally attacked and her home burnt. James Lynchehaun, her former land agent, was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment. He escaped twice and won a groundbreaking case in the United States successfully resisting extradition.. A Franciscan monk in Achill, Brother Paul Carney, who had befriended and assisted Lynchehaun, wrote up the fugitive's story, and Lynchehaun became a folk hero. John Millington Synge visited Mayo in 1904/1905 and decided to locate The Playboy of the Western World in north Mayo. Lynchehaun was one of Synge's inspirations for constructing the character of Christy Mahon. The crime, the trial and escapes, and the island tensions are unravelled in a gripping account.

Part 1

1
The Island Drowned

June 1894

The train rounded the bend where butter-yellow gorse snaked across the hill. The locomotive whistled clouds of steam and belched out a froth of vapour and grime. It shook and rattled to a halt at the temporary rail platform in Achill Sound. The eyes of the children bulged in dirt-streaked faces as they cowered, terrified that the monster-machine was about to explode before their eyes. The new railway line from Mulranny to Achill was not yet commissioned and the station building was still under construction. The first train to the island carried a desolate cargo on the June afternoon of 1894.

Those who waited had risen before dawn to make their way by foot and by cart from Achill’s four corners. They had come from the townlands of Dugort and Dookinella in the north, from Dooagh and Pollach in the west, from Dooega and Shraheens in the south. Many carried cloth bundles of bread and cold potatoes with tilly-cans of milk or stewed tea. By eight o’clock they were thronging into the village, passing in and out of the Telegraph Office and asking in low voices, ‘When will the train be here?’

By mid-morning the crowd had swelled to over 400 people who thronged the hillside that flashed with crimson petticoats and white calico mourning bands. Some held aloft black flags tied to ash-sticks. A string of carts lined the roadway and it seemed as if every donkey and pony from the island had been drawn into service. The animals shifted restlessly, harnesses jangling and cart wheels rattling. The smells of fresh animal dung, sweet gorse petals, and seaweed coursed through the air and black-faced sheep bleated from the purple hills. The wind was freshening, a sure sign that the weather would change before the day was out.

An arc of constables, smelling of carbolic soap and boot blackening, linked arms along the length of the train. They strained their muscles, the taste of salt-water on their clenched lips. Sergeant Scully fretted; would his men be able to hold back the surge? Would things get out of control? He raised a long uniformed arm and squealed in a hoarse voice, ‘Move back there. For God’s sake, move back.’

A cascade of noise rippled through the mass of islanders. Women wailed; children whimpered; dogs barked; young and old shuffled forward in a throng of humanity that reeked of alcohol, urine and stale perspiration. They piled down the hill, crushing and surging towards the train where men were uncovering the wagons and stacking the white deal coffins on the ground among the swirling fumes. The keen of the women started up, rose and fell, built and waned, as the coffins were lifted to the ground.

Mr Gray of the Railway Company barked out the name of each of the deceased as groups of men stepped forward, heads bent, to claim the dead. Feet set apart, the men grasped the pale wood, hoisted a coffin, twisted their bodies and walked with scrunching steps to where the carts were lined up on the roadway. The onlookers opened a pathway, genuflected, crossed themselves, and intoned prayers and blessings. A woman knelt and prostrated her body on the pale wood of a coffin next to a cart. She pounded the wooden box with clenched hands, aching to touch the flesh of her daughter.

‘Let me see her. Let me see her,’ she screamed.

Relatives circled the woman and raised her to her feet: ‘Leave it be, Mary. Let it be.’

Wood scraped against wood as they loaded thirty coffins on to the waiting carts for the five-mile journey south to Kildownet. The burial ground was within yards of the shore and close to the ruined castle of Grace O’Malley, the ancient Pirate Queen of the West.

Among the mourners was James Lynchehaun who had travelled the ten miles from his home in the north of the island. He knew many of those who had drowned: the three Malley sisters – Mary, Margaret and Annie – came from the townland of Valley where he ran his grocery business; Bridget Joyce and Pat Cafferkey lived in Tonragee, close to his birthplace; Catherine Gallagher grew up in Corraun where he had tended his father’s sheep as a boy.

That summer James Lynchehaun was in his mid thirties, five foot ten inches in height, a well-built, dark-haired man with broad shoulders and a square-jawed face. He had startling bright eyes, nostrils that twitched like a lively colt’s, and a peculiar habit of wrinkling his forehead in conversation. His was a restless and volatile spirit and those who knew said that drink had a disastrous effect on him. The stories of his youthful exploits were legendary, but he had recently married Catherine Gallagher and was the father of an infant son. Perhaps he had sown his wild oats.

The islanders talked and whispered behind cupped hands, exchanging scraps of information about what had happened: ‘Did you hear that Mary McLaughlin held on to her sister’s hand in the water as long as she could? In the end she slipped away. Poor Mary, she’ll have Bridget’s grip on her wrist for the rest of her days. God help her.’

‘Mary Lavelle was only thirteen and the eldest of seven boys and girls.’ ‘Is there no news yet of young Pat Cafferkey? His father is going about everywhere looking for him.’ ‘What will Owen Malley do now with his three daughters gone and he left childless?’ ‘There’s Mister Kelly. What does he say?’

P.J.Kelly of the Westport Board of Guardians moved among the families of the victims and dispensed financial assistance to the bereaved. It could be a tricky situation for the Guardians who had responsibility for collecting the seed potato rates in Achill. The official knew only too well that there were low-voiced mutterings that the migrants had to go to Scotland to earn enough money to pay the rents. He handed Owen O’Malley a sovereign, shook his hand energetically and murmured, ‘So sorry for your troubles.’

The grieving man sniffled and asked plaintively, ‘Sir, will we have to give this back for the seed payment? If we have, it is better for us not to take it.’

P. J. Kelly assured him that there was no need to be fearful of any such harassment from the rate collectors. His words were of little comfort.

Nearby, a man muttered loudly, ‘Wasn’t Mr Balfour, the Chief Secretary, here only two years ago with his sister, and didn’t he see for himself the way things are? Didn’t he bring in the seed rate after that and now it’s worse than ever!’ People nodded in agreement. The official moved on.

Father Connolly, Achill parish priest, faced the cortège, tracing the sign of the cross in the air with a plump hand, and led the mourners in prayer. The procession queue got ready as the carts moved to the centre of the road, lined up, then set off across the span of Michael Davitt Bridge, the cart shafts swinging rhythmically at the animals’sides. The gulls wheeled overhead, screeching their funeral dirge. On the far side of the bridge the half-mile procession curled south, hugging the channel of water that separated the island from Corraun Peninsula. The people crowded in close to the cortège, the keening women hanging off the cart shafts while children clung to their skirts. The carts clattered past houses, where yellow laburnum drooped low in the gardens, and ferried the dead to their final resting place.

The burial destination in Kildownet was a short distance from the pier at Darby’s Point where those, who now lay motionless on carts, had gathered just two days earlier at the start of their migrant journey. There had been a hubbub of excitement throughout Achill from early morning on the day they set out. Over 400 of the islanders, most of them young girls, had made the dawn journey dressed in their Sunday best and carrying their few possessions in tied cloth bundles. Those who travelled from Keem, Dooagh and Keel in the west met up with others from the townlands of Dookinella, Dugort and Valley at Bunnacurry crossroads on the brow of the hill. The morning air was filled with laughter, shouts, calls of greeting, and cheers as they headed on their way. They would travel by hooker, the traditional island sailing boat, as far as Westport Quay where they would board the Laird steamer SS Elm for the onward journey to Glasgow and the harvest fields of Scotland. Cart after cart had arrived at Darby’s Point where four hookers waited out in the channel, their sails flapping in the morning breeze. John and Pat Healy had taken their hooker, Victory, around from Belfarsad to await their passengers who were being rowed out from the pier by currach. By eight o’clock there were more than 100 passengers on the Victory deck and yet more clambered on board. The tide was going out and the crews knew that they needed to get on their way. By nine o’clock the four hookers were under sail as a crowd gathered on Achill Beg to wave them off. John Healy moved among his passengers trying to collect the six penny fare. Some had borrowed the money for the passage from local shopkeepers while others had it sent to them by their host farmers in Scotland. Healy later claimed that the Victory was carrying 75 passengers but the police would conclude that there were 126 people on the ship.

Two and a half hours after departing Darby’s Point, the Victory sailed past Annagh Head and moved towards Westport Quay where the steamer waited about a mile from the quay for the incoming tide to allow her to berth. On board the SS Elm were Captain Carswell, pilot Thomas Gibbons, and a number of crew under the supervision of stevedore Michael O’Malley. As the Victory closed the distance between it and the steamer, the hooker passengers shouted to one another to come and look at the ship that would take them to Glasgow. They streamed up from the Victory hold and piled on to one side of the hooker to get a better view.

Thomas Gibbons was the first to spot the danger from the deck of the SS Elm. He watched the cheering passengers stream to one side of the Victory and knew that the crew would have to jibe quickly, and turn the stern through the wind, but he feared that there was too much top weight on the vessel. He shouted urgently across to the hooker crew, ‘Lower your mainsail! Lower your mainsail!’

John and Pat Healy were, by then, aware of the hazard and yelled at the excited passengers to sit down. John Healy shouted that he was going to bring the boat around in a jibe but did not appear to slacken the sheet or to lower the mainsail. The sudden movements of the boom and sail brought the vessel over violently. The Victory capsized and most of the passengers were thrown into the water. The sounds would stay forever with those who witnessed the scene: frantic splashes, screams for help, choking coughs and cries of terror. They were the pitiful sounds of the drowning and the dying.

Some tried to swim to safety but became entangled in the hooker’s huge sails; others were pinned in the boat’s hold by falling spars and deck gear. Heads bobbed in the water beneath the sails like footballs, and it was impossible to release them due to the pressure of the water as bodies drifted away helplessly on the tide. John Healy caught hold of a plank and kept himself afloat until rescued. The teenager, Edward O’Malley, was approaching the SS Elm in a rowing boat from the opposite direction to collect cargo from the steamer. ‘Atfirst glance,’ he said afterwards, ‘we were able to see that, when the mast struck the water, the mainsail and the jib had imprisoned several of the poor islanders. The water was a struggling, screaming mass of human beings. Some were grabbing their companions in order to try and save themselves, but the inevitable result was that they were dragging one another underneath.’

Four boats were launched from the SS Elm and more craft put out from the quays. Within the hour boatloads of survivors were arriving on Westport Quay where they walked dazed among the sodden corpses of their neighbours and friends. By late afternoon thirty bodies lay side by side in the temporary morgue, light shawls covered their still, fear-wracked faces.

Frank Molloy of Breanaskil was one of the lucky ones and later spoke of his good fortune in not travelling on the Victory on account of not having the fare: ‘I did not come by Healy’s hooker but walked round by the road. I started from home about ten o’clock. The distance is about twenty-nine Irish miles. I left Achill for the purpose of going to England and I intended leaving Newport by rail but came on to Westport Quay when I heard about the accident. I was told that the Healy boat was capsized.’

Many of the survivors sailed for Glasgow on the SS Elm later that evening. Some carried their bundles of drenched possessions, while others had lost everything they had taken from home that morning. Some had not wanted to leave but they knew that the lack of their harvest remittances could lead to eviction for their families if the seed rent wasn’t paid in the autumn. They had to go.

The funeral carts reached Kildownet cemetery in a hollow of ground to the sucking sounds of an ebbing tide. The evening shadows moved on Corraun Hill as if an oversized fox sloped there. They unloaded the carts and rows of pale wooden boxes shone bright against the purple heather. Relatives of the dead had agreed to Father Connolly’s suggestion that they bury their dead in a communal plot. A group of seventy men stepped forward, armed with pickaxes, shovels and spades, the breeze lifting the hair on their bare heads. Soon there was the ring of spades off rocks, the thud of pick axes against stones, and the crunch of shovels scooping up clay. The men bent and lifted shovel after shovel of brown-black earth. Occasionally, a man paused to lean his implement against his wet body, spitting warm saliva into his palms and rubbing his calloused hands before reaching for a drink and gulping down sharp, butter-clotted milk. Soon the diggers stood shoulder-deep in the earth.

The sun was low in the Atlantic sky when Father Connolly, dressed in white surplice, moved along the coffin rows sprinkling holy water with a heavy hand from a silver aspersorium, and intoning, ‘May perpetual light shine upon them; may they rest in peace.’ Men slid ropes through weather-beaten hands and lowered the dead into the Kildownet ground. As the first shovels of earth smashed down on wood, a wild lamentation rose into the air. The skies darkened and a heavy shower of slanting rain fell on the fresh earth and the bowed heads. Paraffin lights and candles began to glow from windows across the channel as day drifted into night.

The day after the funeral they towed the ill-fated Victory into Westport Quay as torn shawls, baskets, ribbons, and remnants of clothing lay strewn at the edges of Clew Bay. Soon, a full scale fund-raising effort got under way to relieve the plight of the Achill islanders. The County Mayo High Sheriff sent an urgent letter by telegraph to the main newspapers:

Sir,-

As the Press has fully depicted the terrible disaster at Westport on Thursday last, it is unnecessary for me to enter into details. Up to this the dead bodies of 25 girls and seven men have been recovered, and two men are still missing. Each of these is bread-winner to a family, so that there are 34 impoverished as well as desolate homes in Achill today. Each of the girls would have brought home £8 to £10 at the end of the harvest season, and each of the men from £12 to £15, so that the magnitude of the loss for this single year can be at once seen. Subscriptions will be received by the Bank of Ireland and the Ulster Bank, Westport, or by me, and acknowledged through the Press. A committee is being formed to distribute the funds which we hope to receive.

I am, Sir, your obedient servant,

E.Thomas O’Donel,
High Sheriff, County Mayo
Newport House, Newport.

The situation was dangerous and things could easily turn nasty. The tragedy could heighten anger about the seed potato rates and increase hostilities between landlords and tenants on the island. Those with influence rushed to print and sought to take the high moral ground. Cardinal Logue wrote to Father O’Connor to express his concerns about the hardship ‘that forces young girls of tender years to quit the shelter of their homes and the security of their simple family lives … to seek in the harvest fields of England and Scotland employment which for many reasons is unsuited to their sex and age. Surely there must be some remedy for this crying evil, if those who have the power had only the will to seek it out and apply it?’

The Trustees of the Achill Mission estate in north Achill represented the largest landlords on the island. They responded quickly by contributing £20 to the Achill-Westport fund and expressed their relief that, among the list of those who perished, there were none of the tenants of the Achill Mission estate. When the Westport Committee later published a list of fund subscribers, a £5 contribution from Agnes MacDonnell, owner of the Valley House estate, was acknowledged.

There was now intense national and international interest in the plight of Achill. The Irish Times urged the public to support the Achill Fund and gave an upbeat prognosis for the island’s prospects which may not have been shared by many of the Achill inhabitants: ‘There is a future for Achill. Its healthfulness, its natural beauty, its inspiring scenery and, not less than these attractions, its honesty and kindliness of its people must draw strangers to its coasts and headlands when once the railway is opened and a new era for the locality has begun. This very disaster must cause many more in distant places to make Inquiry as to what Achill is.’

The Times of London drew attention to the bitter resentment among the Achill islanders to the seed potato rate and linked it directly to the ever growing numbers of young harvesters leaving the island each summer. The paper reminded readers how, two years earlier, Mr Balfour, Chief Secretary of Ireland, had visited Achill and afterwards secured a grant for the Poor Law Guardians to purchase seed potatoes: ‘Upwards of £4,000 worth of seed was given to the people in this way, large quantities of which failed.’ It was the view of The Times that the seed rate issue was becoming explosive as the Government refused to extend the two-year limit on the repayment of loans advanced to tenant farmers for ...

Table of contents

• The Veiled Woman of Achill
• Title Page
• Dedication
• Contents
• Acknowledgements
• Map of Achill
• Prologue
• Part 1
• Part 2
• Part 3
• Part 4
• Epilogue
• Notes
• Bibliography
• About the Author
• Photographs
• Copyright Page