Edith Cavell

Faith before the firing squad

Catherine Butcher

• Publisher: Monarch Books
• Year: 2015
• ISBN:
  9780857216588
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Théologie et religion
• Subtopic: Biographies religieuses

Edith Louisa Cavell was a British nurse. She is celebrated for saving the lives of soldiers from both sides and in helping some 200 Allied soldiers escape from German-occupied Belgium during the First World War, for which she was arrested. She was subsequently court-martialled, found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. She was shot by a German firing squad at the age of 49. Her execution was greeted with worldwide condemnation and extensive press coverage. A woman of profound faith, she told her chaplain, on the night before her execution, 'Standing as I do in view of God and eternity, I realize that patriotism is not enough. I must have no hatred or bitterness towards anyone. Her death caused international outrage and may have contributed to America's decision to enter the war. Three films and a stage play have been written about her life

CHAPTER 1

EDITH’S FINAL HOURS

… TELL MY LOVED ONES LATER ON THAT MY SOUL, AS I BELIEVE, IS SAFE, AND THAT I AM GLAD TO DIE FOR MY COUNTRY …

(Edith Cavell, 12 October 1915)

 

 

The firing squad takes aim. In front of them, loosely tied to a post on the slope of a grassy field, a woman stands dressed in her nurse’s uniform. Shots ring out through the mist of the autumn morning. Edith Cavell’s body jerks forward. The nurse who had helped to save the lives of more than 200 Allied troops is dead. Dawn breaks.

Edith Cavell had confessed to the crime of ‘conducting soldiers to the enemy’ – soldiers who could potentially return to the battlefield. Guilty, she was sentenced to death by a German military court in occupied Belgium. Pleas for mercy fell on deaf ears. She went to her death calmly, confident that death is not the end.

That confidence came from her Christian faith and was confirmed in her final ten weeks of solitary confinement, as she reflected on her life and eternal destiny.

****

On 4 August 1915, a year after the United Kingdom declared war on Germany, Edith Cavell was arrested in Brussels for her role in the Belgian resistance movement. She was held in solitary confinement in St Gilles Prison in Brussels until a two-day trial on Thursday 7 and Friday 8 October. After a further weekend in solitary confinement, at 4.30 p.m. on Monday 11 October, sentence was passed: death at dawn by firing squad. Back in her cell, she spent her last evening on earth in prayer and contemplation.

Edith was a nurse who had seen many people die. She said she was not afraid of death. Now, as she faced the end of her own earthly life, she had a lifetime of rich inner resources to draw on to give her comfort and confidence alone in her tiny prison cell. She had spent her final weeks writing letters, reading her prayer book and the Thomas à Kempis classic The Imitation of Christ. Reflecting on her life, she prepared to meet her Maker.

She had been in England visiting her mother in the weeks before war was declared at the start of August 1914. Her mother wanted her to stay at home in England. Edith’s response was: ‘At a time like this I am more needed than ever.’ Alerted to the imminent German invasion of Belgium, she returned to Brussels. By the time war was declared, she was ready to receive wounded soldiers into her pioneering nurses’ training school on the outskirts of Brussels, which became a Red Cross hospital, caring for Allied and German casualties alike.

Thousands died within the first month of war. Wounded soldiers and those separated from their comrades found shelter with Belgians who were willing to risk their own lives to help Allied soldiers escape into neutral Holland. As Brussels fell to the invading army, Edith kept the nurses’ training hospital running and it became a safe house for the fugitives. Working with the Belgian resistance movement, she helped more than 200 soldiers to safety. But spies were everywhere. It was only a matter of time before her clandestine operations were uncovered. Despite warnings, Edith couldn’t stop. If she turned away an Allied soldier who was then caught and shot, it would be her fault, she said.

She knew that there were German spies among those who came to her for help. She knew the penalty for helping Allied troops to escape was death. She hoped that they would not execute a woman, but at the end, she was not fearful or full of hate. Her heart was filled with forgiveness, not bitterness. She went to her death confident that Jesus, her Lord, would be with her for her final journey through death and into his eternal presence.

The prison chaplain, a German Lutheran priest, Pastor Paul Le Seur, visited Edith in her cell when the death sentence had been passed. When he told her that the sentence would be carried out the next morning, Pastor Le Seur recalled, ‘For one moment her cheeks were flushed and a moist film passed over her eyes – but only for a few seconds.’

He realized that as a German in uniform, she would find it difficult to gain spiritual support from him. Later he wrote:

In addition, according to the principles of her Church, it was scarcely possible for her to receive the Sacrament from a pastor who did not belong to the Anglican Church, but I knew the Anglican chaplain in Brussels, the Rev. Gahan, very well, as a very pious Irishman, who, moreover, had been permitted to carry on his religious duties without any trouble during the whole period of the occupation. I therefore asked Miss Cavell whether she wished that the Rev. Gahan should come to her to enable her to partake of the Holy Sacrament. Thereupon her eyes lighted up, and with great joy she accepted the proposal.

Revd Gahan led the church Edith attended in occupied Brussels. He had become a friend and was a guest at her last Christmas party.

Pastor Le Seur knew that it would be his duty to be with Edith at the last as she faced the firing squad on the execution site, the Tir National. Was this something she would like Revd Gahan to do instead? Caring for others as always, she refused.

‘She declined this most definitely,’ Pastor Le Seur recalled.

It would be much too heavy for Mr. Gahan, who was not accustomed to such things. ‘Ah, Miss Cavell, I also am not accustomed to it,’ I said, ‘but shall I be rendering you a service if, instead of meeting you first outside on the Tir National, I come and fetch you here.’ She accepted this offer gratefully. I said a few more words of Christian comfort to her from a deeply-moved heart, and then we parted from one another with a warm handshake.

Pastor Le Seur then went to Revd Gahan’s house and left a note for him, as he was not at home. ‘He was to come to me as soon as possible with his articles for Holy Communion.’

About 8 p.m. that evening, Revd Gahan went to visit Pastor Le Seur: ‘When I explained confidentially to him what was involved, he almost collapsed,’ Le Seur recalled.

Revd Gahan then set off to the prison to share a final communion service with Edith. He wrote an account of their time together:

On Monday evening, October 11th, I was admitted by special passport from the German authorities to the prison of St. Gilles, where Miss Edith Cavell had been confined for ten weeks. The final sentence had been given early that afternoon.

To my astonishment and relief I found my friend perfectly calm and resigned. But this could not lessen the tenderness and intensity of feeling on either part during that last interview of almost an hour.

Her first words to me were upon a matter concerning herself personally, but the solemn asseveration which accompanied them was made expressedly in the light of God and eternity.

She then added that she wished all her friends to know that she willingly gave her life for her country, and said: ‘I have no fear nor shrinking; I have seen death so often that it is not strange or fearful to me.’

She further said: ‘I thank God for this ten weeks’ quiet before the end.’ ‘Life has always been hurried and full of difficulty.’ ‘This time of rest has been a great mercy.’ ‘They have all been very kind to me here. But this I would say, standing as I do in view of God and eternity, I realize that patriotism is not enough. I must have no hatred or bitterness towards any one.’

Edith knew that people who had been close to her had played a part in her betrayal. Patriotism – her love of King and country – had brought her this far, but now she needed something more as she prepared to enter the kingdom of heaven. As a Christian, she had prayed daily, ‘forgive us our trespasses, As we forgive them that trespass against us’ and in saying the Creed as part of Morning Prayer, she had daily affirmed her belief in ‘The Forgiveness of sins; The Resurrection of the body, And the life everlasting.’

Patriotism was not enough for these final hours. She knew that to enter into God’s presence she needed to be forgiven. And just as Jesus’ death had bought her forgiveness, she needed to forgive any and all who had wronged her.

Revd Gahan sat with Edith on her bed and they used the only chair in the cell as a table for Holy Communion. As they prepared to share bread and wine together, they said the Lord’s Prayer, which Jesus taught his disciples; talking to God as ‘Father’; longing for his kingdom to come; asking for daily provision and forgiveness ‘as we forgive them that trespass against us’. Together they said the Creed, remembering that Jesus was crucified, buried, and on the third day he rose again from the dead. Then ‘He ascended into heaven, And sitteth on the right hand of God the Father Almighty.’

The final words of the Creed had special relevance for Edith that evening: ‘I believe in … the Resurrection of the body, And the life everlasting.’

For Revd Gahan, the words he spoke as he gave Edith bread and wine also had a special poignancy.

The Body of our Lord Jesus Christ, which was given for thee, preserve thy body and soul unto everlasting life. Take and eat this in remembrance that Christ died for thee, and feed on him in thy heart by faith with thanksgiving.

The Blood of our Lord Jesus Christ, which was shed for thee, preserve thy body and soul unto everlasting life. Drink this in remembrance that Christ’s blood was shed for thee, and be thankful.

As the communion service ended, Revd Gahan began to say the words of the hymn ‘Abide With Me’, and Edith joined him, repeating:

Abide with me: fast falls the eventide;
the darkness deepens; Lord, with me abide.
When other helpers fail and comforts flee,
Help of the helpless, O abide with me …

Edith gave Revd Gahan the letters she had written to friends and family, and when they came to say goodbye, she smiled at him and said, ‘We shall meet again.’

She was confident that death was not the end, and they would meet again in God’s presence.

CHAPTER 2

GROWING UP IN THE VICARAGE

SOMEDAY, SOMEHOW, I AM GOING TO DO SOMETHING USEFUL. I DON’T KNOW WHAT IT WILL BE. I ONLY KNOW THAT IT WILL BE SOMETHING FOR PEOPLE.

(Edith Cavell, in a letter to her cousin Eddy)

Edith’s confidence in the face of death didn’t appear overnight. From the day she was born, that confidence was growing through thousands of different influences, spoken and unspoken, at home and in the wider world. Her Christian faith, which seems so remarkable to many in Britain today, was much more normal 100 years ago, and assured her that death is not the end for those who have put their trust in Jesus Christ.

Her father, Revd Frederick Cavell, was vicar of St Mary’s parish church in Swardeston, Norfolk, for nearly half a century. One of five children, he grew up in London near St Pancras, and studied theology and philosophy in Heidelberg, Germany, a city he would later visit with his eldest daughter, Edith. He trained for ministry in the Church of England at King’s College, London, and became curate of St Mark’s Church, Islington in London.

This was where he met his wife, Louisa. Her widowed mother, Anna Warming, was a housekeeper. In Victorian times, she would have been described as ‘a gentlewoman in reduced circumstances’. Her husband, Christian Abel Warming, had been a merchant seaman, master of one of the ships crossing the world. He was listed captaining a ship which arrived in Port Jackson, New South Wales, in August 1839. His fate is not clear, but by the time Anna and her daughter Louisa met Edith’s father, Frederick, Anna was already widowed.

Louisa was Anna’s second child, and the family were non-conformists, attending Wycliffe Chapel in London’s East End, a congregation led by a noted philanthropist of the day, Revd Dr Andrew Reed. Wycliffe Chapel was one of the many churches that presented petitions for the abolition of slavery.

Louisa was christened at Wycliffe Chapel on 28 February 1836. She had at least four siblings, brothers Alfred, Henry and Rudolph and a sister, Christiana. Uncle Rudolph and Aunt Christiana both play a part in the family’s story many years later. As a widow, Edith’s grandmother was obliged to earn a living, a role which in due course brought Edith’s mother, Louisa, and father, Frederick, together.

Coming from evangelical backgrounds with Puritan sympathies, Louisa and Frederick would have had a similar Christian zeal. Edith’s mother, Louisa, was ten years younger than Frederick. He was seen to be serious and studious. Contemporaries described Louisa as charming and kind with a sweet personality and ‘thoughtful consideration of others’.

To prepare his fiancée for life as a vicar’s wife, Frederick paid for her to attend a finishing school. This training in the social graces included French, music, dancing, manners, and etiquette. Louisa would have learned to cook, clean, and run a household as well as learning to entertain. These were all skills which she would one day pass on to Edith and her sisters.

The couple married in 1864, and moved to the rural Norfolk village of Swardeston, where Frederick would become the vicar of St Mary’s, a church dating back to Norman times. There was no vicarage. Their first home was a redb...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Contents
• Acknowledgments
• Foreword
• 1 Edith’s Final Hours
• 2 Growing Up in the Vicarage
• 3 Promises, Promises
• 4 An Eternal Home
• 5 Values to Live By
• 6 A New Career in Nursing
• 7 Images of Heaven
• 8 New Beginnings in Belgium
• 9 Dedication and Duty
• 10 Betrayal
• 11 Sentenced to Death
• 12 A Legacy of Hope
• Resources