Erratic North

A Vietnam Draft Resister's Life in the Canadian Bush

Mark Frutkin

• Publisher: Dundurn Press
• Year: 2008
• ISBN:
  9781459714472
• Topic: Social Sciences
• Subtopic: Social Science Biographies
• Index: Social Sciences

In geology an erratic is a "boulder or rock formation transported some distance from its original source, as by a glacier." In award-winning novelist Mark Frutkin's case, his movement from his native Cleveland. Ohio, was instigated by his wish to protest and resist the U.S. military draft during the Vietnam War, and his destination was Canada.

An estimated 50, 000 to 100, 000 American Vietnam War draft resisters sought sanctuary in Canada. Many of these men stayed, became Canadian citizens, and have made significant contributions to the country, including writers such as William Gibson, George Fetherling, Keith Maillard, and Jay Scott; musicians Jesse Winchester and Jim Byrnes; children's performer Eric Nagler; and radio personality Andy Barrie.

Although this first nonfiction work by Mark Frutkin looks back at the circumstances and culture of the late 1960s and early 1970s that prompted the author to relocate to Canada, Erratic North is about many other things. It's also a lyrical meditation about "returning to nature" in the bush country of Quebec and an account of the crucible that forged one writer. Tying everything together, though, is the overarching theme of the book: a contemplation of humanity's embrace of war and violence and the countervailing impulse to resist that embrace, specifically as seen in the experience of Frutkin himself; his grandfather Simon, who escaped Tsarist Russia and its military in the 1890s; and Louis Drouin, the Quebec farmer Frutkin bought his original farm from and who resisted conscription in World War II.

PART
1

1
Gatineau Hills, Quebec

I sit in a wooden chair at the kitchen table in a two-storey log house in western Quebec, about an hour’s drive north of Ottawa. It’s 1971. The cabin, facing south, rests on a slight rise at the end of a long valley that snakes through the Gatineau Hills. The hills, thick with pine, spruce, maple, oak, birch, and beech, are invisible because it is 4:00 a.m. — what the Japanese call the hour of the tiger — and the night is without a moon. Unable to sleep, I have risen from bed, lit a coal-oil lamp, and begun to read a book at the table in the centre of the kitchen. The silence is penetrating and deep, the kind of silence we no longer hear in the modern world with its constant cough of traffic and its white noise humming 24/7 from fridge and computer. There is no wind on this autumn night. If there were, the creaking of the square logs that form the cabin’s walls would make the silence feel deeper still.

If you were to look in the kitchen window from outside, you would see I am alone. The single flame of the oil lamp pulses behind its glass globe. In the silence, my head bowed, I read the book before me. Kenneth Rexroth’s collection of translations, 100 Poems from the Chinese, rests in a pool of light on the table. The ancient Chinese believed that books embodied the power to ward off evil spirits. Outside the cabin, the night is lit with stars. It was Mohiddin ibn Arabi who first said: “The universe is an immense book.” I recall those words as I lean into the light and begin reading, while imagining the vast empty sky arcing silently above.

Suddenly, I raise my head and listen. After a moment’s confusion, I realize it’s the sound of a horse-drawn wagon passing down the road. It’s an incongruous, archaic sound that cracks open the silence of night. The wagon creaks along the dirt road at the foot of a steep hill, which magnifies the sound of the iron wheels.

I suspect it is Albert out there in the pre-dawn darkness, a Habitant bachelor who lives at the end of the road beyond a swamp. His small log cabin stands on a hill overlooking the nearby farming village of Duclos. The creaking of the wagon tells me he must be on his way to help out his brother, Louis, the French-Canadian farmer who sold me this house and farm. Several years before I arrived, Louis moved to a larger house — one with electricity — on the highway nearby. While I cannot see his houselights at night, Louis’s fields and mine border each other.

The horse-drawn wagon rolling along the dirt road in the dark takes me back in time. Unlike a speeding automobile, the wagon takes several long minutes to pass. I pause to listen, my head raised from the book. The creaking sound, distinct against the background silence of night, returns me to a hundred years earlier when this log house was first built, returns me to the century before, when my grandfather, Simon, was preparing to leave his home in White Russia. It also takes me back to consider what I have in common with Simon and Louis

2
Cleveland, Ohio

A year before, in 1970, I sat with a dozen other young men in an office in a high-rise in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, waiting to take my physical for induction into the U.S. Army. On the far side of the world, U.S. troops had just entered a neutral Cambodia from Vietnam to hunt down Vietcong guerrillas. Richard Milhous Nixon, the thirty-seventh president of the United States, was in office. From a twelfth-floor window I stared out at the looming grey of Lake Erie. Canada lay directly across the water. I was already a Canadian landed immigrant, having lived there the previous summer. I had friends in Canada and even had family, on my mother’s side, in Toronto.

Fourteen names were called, and we filed into the examining room. The buzz-cut army doctor conducting the physical stood before me. This was my chance. I spoke just loud enough for him to hear. “I’m psychologically unfit for the military.” His blank face and hard silence revealed that he had heard the same story a thousand times before from other naked young men. Ignoring my comment, he probed and prodded and tested, placed the cold steel of the stethoscope on my chest. He didn’t warm it first like a family doctor would by rubbing it with his hand. He used this shiny metal instrument to determine the nature of my heart. I was already naked, and they wanted to go deeper still, inside, to listen.

What does he hear? Distant shelling? The staccato of machine-gun fire? Incoming rockets? No. Unaccountably, he hears the faint call of a whippoorwill, the trickle of a stream, a chaotic tattoo upon a drum.

I hoped at the time that he would hear an erratic beat, not an irregularity that was terminal, of course, but that somehow my heart would betray how it was clearly out of step with its fellows, that it did not beat to the same drum, that it did not march to the same music. I wanted him somehow to hear from the sound of my heart that I was one of those geological erratics, individual stones dropped by glaciers in the north country as they passed. A wanderer caught in great movements and abandoned at a seemingly random place when those movements, those glacier-like wars and political upheavals, melted away into nothingness. One can find erratics scattered across the northern lands, across the shield country of Ontario and Quebec and elsewhere in Canada. After a time, these loner stones begin to blend in; the moss and lichen that cover the native shield also cover them. Without a doubt, the needle of my compass was drawn, not by magnetic north but by erratic north.

But my heart beat happily away, with all the idiocy and steady tail wagging of a loyal dog. Although I had flat feet and was half an inch under the height limit, I passed as easily as a six-foot young buck with a killer instinct. The army was hungry. I would do.

A few years earlier, as a student at St. Ignatius High School run by Jesuits in Cleveland, I gave blood with my classmates for soldiers wounded in the early years of the Vietnam War. My Catholic-Jewish soon to be Buddhist-German-Russian-Irish-English-French blood now coursed through the veins, I imagined, of an injured American soldier. I was happy to do my part in restoring him to health but, at the same time, I imagined my blood trying to influence his views of the war, its “free radicals” breaking off and marching on him at the molecular level.

I, too, had marched — once. I was resolutely opposed to the war, and had even been a rather tepid, short-term, non-violent member of the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), an activist group of the 1960s involved in numerous demonstrations, protests, and acts of resistance to the war. That one gathering, on the streets of Chicago, had cured me forever of marching. Being in a mass of people, whether a crowd of peaceniks or a division of soldiers, for some reason went against my nature.

Halfway through the march in Chicago, feeling distinctly uncomfortable, I turned down a side street and slipped away with a palpable sense of relief as the sounds grew distant, the megaphone-carrying leaders shouting, “Hell, no, we won’t go!” and the crowd responding in kind.

Armies and protest are all about crowds. Canada, for me, was all about loneliness.

3
Simon

Although this is essentially the story of one Vietnam-era draft resister and his “return to nature” in the bush country of western Quebec, it also touches on the stories of two other draft resisters in different places and different times. The first was Simon Frutkin, my grandfather, who at age eighteen fled his home in the Belarus province of Russia (known as White Russia) in 1896 to escape the czar’s draft. The second was Louis Drouin, the Quebec farmer who sold me land when I first came to Canada in search of a new life and who resisted the draft in his own way during the Second World War.

I was born and raised in Cleveland, Ohio, although I always add, “But my mother was Canadian, from Toronto.” Actually, I was born in a suburb of Cleveland called Parma. No one I grew up with knew it was named after an Italian city, but everyone living in Parma claimed it was the fastest-growing suburb in the United States in the 1950s. My grade two class at St. Francis de Sales School had an unbelievable sixty children in it. Parma’s quick expansion included an influx of Hungarians, refugees from the failed revolt against the Soviets in 1956. Parma was much like any other American suburb of the time. Each two-storey house of brick had a short, well-clipped front yard, a deep backyard with a barbecue, and a garage.

Cleveland the city, though, was another story. That’s where my father was raised — in the heart of the city with the Irish and German immigrants. The near West Side of Cleveland was centred around St. Ignatius, a Jesuit high school, and St. Mary’s Church, not far from the shores of the Cuyahoga River. My father, my eldest brother, and I all attended school at St. Ignatius, and my parents were married in St. Mary’s.

It was a rough, tough world that my dad grew up in. One of his two maternal uncles, Albert, was a drunk who lived outside under bridges, and the other, Coonie, once had his internal organs jumbled when he was injured in a drunken fight with a detachment of local cops.

My father recalls, when he himself was eighteen, he went to the local bootlegger’s house during Prohibition to buy a bottle of homemade booze. “I’m here to see Mrs. McGillicuddy,” he said to the unfamiliar man who had opened the door. The man ushered him into the parlour where an Irish wake was in progress, Mrs. McGillicuddy laid out in her simple casket on the far side of the room. Unsure of what to do, my dad knelt, said a prayer, and left — without his bottle of hooch.

Cleveland is often the butt of jokes — it has been called the armpit of the universe, or worse. Poor Cleveland. Some of this reputation is well deserved. A surprising percentage of people who know nothing else about Cleveland know that the Cuyahoga River once caught fire. The river bisects the city with a slow-flowing stream of metallic sludge and polluted runoff from the steel mills that line the river valley. The river caught fire on June 23, 1969, flames shooting five storeys high. The fire burned so hot it twisted railway tracks passing over it. At that time in Cleveland, most days the air smelled as if bad meat were being barbecued nearby.

I remember once driving along the freeway heading downtown and coming up over a rise on the expressway to see the Cuyahoga River valley spread out before me. It looked like Tolkien’s Mordor — the sky glowed rust-red and dozens of towering steel mill chimneys flickered tongues of flame into the charred air. I guess business was good.

Before my father was born, his father, Simon, owned a tailor shop, Frutkin’s Ladies Tailor, on the near West Side of Cleveland. He was a Jewish immigrant who, several years after coming to the United States, had married, started a family, and gone into the tailoring business. Two daughters and an infant son had filled out the family. The shop was a success. He had hired a girl who lived across the street to help out, an accomplished seamstress named Elizabeth. It was 1909. Elizabeth was twenty-one.

It had seemed like a normal day, like any other day. But, in an instant, the world can pause, and go spinning off in a new direction.

It is exactly noon. That moment when the shadows have dissolved back into the buildings, into the light posts, into the few thin elms along the sidewalk, but have not yet begun to bleed out the other side.

As Elizabeth crosses the street, she hears something unusual. A sound she has never before heard. In fact, she is not sure she has “heard” it at all — she may have “felt” it, trembling up out of the earth.

She has just left Simon Frutkin’s Ladies Tailor where she works and is heading to her family’s house for lunch. Before leaving, she had been watching Simon’s infant son, Leonard, under the massive cutting table, filling and emptying a tin cup with remnants of cloth. In went the strips of cotton, silk, and wool, and out they came in a rush, dumped from the cup by his tiny hands. She noticed that he seemed supremely happy filling and emptying the little cup. She gazed at him with affection.

Next to her, Mrs. Frutkin, the owner’s wife, was busy fitting a dress on Mrs. Kelly, a lady customer who stood atop the solid wooden table. Mrs. Frutkin, her gaze focused on her own hands busy at the hem of the dress, had brought Elizabeth out of her reverie.

“Elizabeth. Elizabeth? Get me some more pins, please. And then you can go to lunch.”

Elizabeth had retrieved the box of pins from the back room, saying hello to the family’s other two daughters, three-year-old Hannah, and Rosalind, five, who were playing among the petticoats that hung from hangers in the hallway.

Then Elizabeth had left for lunch.

The moment hangs in endless suspension as Elizabeth, from the middle of the street, turns to look back. Not a breath of a breeze, sky the colour of milk.

It happens with a suddenness that seems surreal — and, after the pause, in an instant everything is moving again, only faster now, people running down the street, out of nearby houses and stores, trying to outrace their stunted shadows. But she notices the shadows cling to their feet.

Elizabeth rubs her eyes — how can something that is there one moment be gone in the next, leaving behind nothing but air, an open space? The sound she felt through the earth turned into the rumble of the brand-new Hankee Furniture Building, three storeys high, collapsing and crushing the one-storey dressmaker’s shop next to it.

Already men are madly digging among the bricks and mortar, trying to uncover survivors. Elizabeth stands still in the middle of the street, unable to move, her legs gone liquid as if she, too, is collapsing.

The first body they drag out is Mrs. Kelly, followed by Mrs. Frutkin, both crushed to death. Elizabeth turns away from the twisted bodies, catching with the corner of her eye a flash of white at an elbow. A baby’s cry makes her turn back. “He’s all right!” one of the men shouts, reaching into the rubble and lifting a bawling Leonard out from under the sturdy table. He still clings to the tin cup. The man stands up and hands the baby to Elizabeth, the nearest woman available. She steps forward and takes him, holds him tight to her chest. He stops wailing, but she can feel him still shivering.

She squeezes him tighter as she sees, a few moments later, the broken bodies of the two little girls brought forward and laid on the sidewalk next to their mother.

At the back of the collapsed shop, where other men are digging furiously, a shout goes up.

A minute later Simon comes hurrying, limping, around the corner of the pile of rubble, holding his right arm with his left hand, blood trickling from his forehead. He sees his daughters and his wife laid out on the sidewalk, stops in disbelief, and collapses onto his knees, a breathy groan emptying his lungs. Elizabeth has never before seen such eyes, so wide open they seem all white. Simon places his left hand on his head as if afraid the top of his skull will fly off. A priest steps forward and squeezes Simon’s shoulder.

Simon doesn’t seem to notice but looks up. “Leonard? Where’s the baby? Where’s my son?”

“The baby’s fine,” says the priest. “You see, Elizabeth there has him....

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title
• Copyright
• Contents
• Acknowledgements
• Part 1
• Part 2
• Part 3
• Part 4
• Part 5
• Part 6
• Part 7
• Part 8
• Part 9
• Part 10
• Epilogue
• Selected Sources