Mycorrhizal Fungi

Aggarwal, Ashok

• Publisher: Daya Publishing House
• Year: 2018
• Topic: Biological Sciences
• eBook ISBN:
  9789386949066
• Subtopic: Botany
• Index: Biological Sciences

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi are obligate root symbionts that are present in most terrestrial ecosystem and establish a mutualistic symbiosis with several plant species around the world. The use of biofertilizers as a source of plant nutrients for more sustainable agriculture practices involves a large number of microorganisms including AM fungi which have potential to enhance productivity in combination with a reduction in application of fertilizer. Mycorrhizas are an essential below-ground component in the establishment and sustainability of plant communities but thorough knowledge is required to have maximum benefits from these microorganisms. The book provides the various functional and potential application of AM fungi including topics such as biodiversity and dynamics of root colonization, phosphorus acquisition by AM Fungi, soil carbon sequestration, alleviation of salt stress, water stress, heavy metal toxicity, in mining site rehabilitation and biocontrol agent. This book will be a rich source of inspiration for research and exploitation of the potential of mycorrhizal fungi.

Table of contents

• Foreword
• Preface
• The Contributors
• — Part I —
• 1. Ectomycorrhizae in Natural Ecosystems: Structure, Development and Functions
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Evolution of Mycorrhizae
• 3. Types of Mycorrhizae
• 4. Morphology and Development of Ectomycorrhizae
• 5. Ecological Distribution
• 6. Diversity of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi
• 7. Ectomycorrhizal Host Plant Diversity
• 8. Carbohydrate Physiology of EcM
• 9. Applications of Ectomycorrhizal Symbioses
• 10. Mineral Nutrient Cycling by Ectomycorrhizae
• 11. EcM and Plant Root Disease Control
• 12. Ectomycorrhizae in Forestry
• 13. Ectomycorrhizal Fungi as a Source of Unconventional Food
• 14. Ectomycorrhizae and Climate change
• 15. Conclusions
• References.
• 2. Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and their Role in Conservation Agriculture
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Conservation Agriculture and Ecosystem Services
• 2.1. Types of Conservation Agriculture
• 2.2. Ecosystem Services of Conservation Agriculture
• 3. Biodiversity of AM Fungi
• 4. Diversity of AM Fungi in Conservation Agriculture
• 4.1. Tillage Practices Infuence on AM Diversity
• 4.2. Crop Rotation Effects on AMF
• 4.3. Cover Crops Effects on AMF Diversity
• 5. AM Fungal Root Colonization
• 6. AM Fungi and Nutrient Cycling
• 6.1. Effects on C Cycling
• 6.2. Effects on N and P Cycles
• 7. Soil Carbon Sequestration
• 8. Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emission
• 9. Managing Groundwater Use in CA
• 10. Conclusion
• References.
• 3. Bamboo-Mycorrhizal Association
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Field Status of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae
• 3. Interaction between D. strictus and AM Fungus
• 4. Interactions between Pseudomonas– AM Fungi
• 5. Interaction among D. strictus–P. fuorescens–Glomus sp.
• 6. Conclusion
• References.
• 4. Distribution and Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Nongkhyllem Reserve Forest, M- eghalaya
• 1. Biodiversity of AM Fungi
• 2. Distribution and Diversity Analysis of AM Fungal Populace
• 2.1. AM Colonization Status
• 3. Natural Occurrence Range of AM Fungal Spore, including their Ecological Indices
• 4. Conclusion
• References.
• 5. Ecological Relevance of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Technology in Agroecosystem Services: Potentials and Challenges
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Use of Microbial Inoculants in Rhizosphere Engineering: A Promising Avenue for Crop Improvement
• 3. Delineation of AM Fungi in Agricultural Soil
• 4. AMF: Ecological Aspects in Agricultural Relevance
• 5. Challenges to Inoculum Production of AMF and its Application
• 6. Concluding Remarks and Perspectives
• References.
• — Part II —
• 6. AMF Spore Propagation: Conventional and Recent Advancements
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Problems in AMF Mass Production
• 3. AMF Propagation Methods
• 3.1. Soil Based Conventional Method of AMF Propagation
• 3.2. Substrate Based on-Farm Production Method
• 3.3. Aeroponics
• 3.4. Hydroponics and Nutrient Film Technique (NFT)
• 3.5. Slide Method–Pure Culture Development of AMF from Single Spore
• 3.6. AMF Mass Culture on in vitro Agar Medium
• 3.7. Hairy Root/Root Organ Culturing
• 3.8. Autotrophic Culture System
• 3.9. Mycorrhization of Tissue Culture Plants
• 4. Limitation in AMF Mass Production
• 5. Uses of Mass Produced Mycorrhizal Inoculum in Field Application
• 6. Conclusion and Future Perspective
• References.
• 7. Mass Multiplication of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
• 1. Introduction Host Specificity
• 2. Ecology of Mycorrhizal Fungi
• 3. Taxonomy of Mycorrhizal Fungi
• 4. Multiplication of AM Fungi
• 5. Techniques Used in the Multiplication of AM Fungi
• 5.1. Selection of Host Plant
• 5.2. Preparation of Starter Inoculum
• 5.3. Mass Production of AM Fungi
• 5.3.2. Substrate Free Production System
• 6. Methods of Application of AM Inoculums
• 7. Application of AM Fungi
• 8. Conclusion
• References.
• — Part III —
• 8. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi as Biofertilizer and its Application to Different Horticultural Crops
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Role of VAM Fungi in Plant Propagation
• 2.1. Germination
• 2.2. Rooting of Cuttings
• 2.3. Effect of AM Fungi on Grafting
• 3. Effect of AM Fungi on Vegetative Parameters
• 4. Effect of AM Fungi on Nutrient Content
• 5. Effect of AM Fungi on Yield Parameters
• 6. AM Fungi and Biotic Stress
• References.
• 9. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: An Efficient Tool as a Biofertilizer in Sustainable Agriculture and Crop Productivity
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Arbuscular Mycorrhiza
• 2.1. Taxonomy
• 2.2. Occurrence
• 3. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Root Colonization
• 4. Mycorrhizal Dependency
• 5. Potential Benefts of AM Fungi
• 6. Nutrient Uptake
• 7. Disease Resistance
• 8. Mycorrhiza in Agriculture
• 9. Mycorrhiza in Forestry
• 10. Inoculum Production
• 10.1. Soil Based Inoculum
• 10.2. Spore Inoculum
• 10.3. Infected Root Inoculum
• 10.4. Peat Based Inoculum (Nutrient Film technique)
• 10.5. Carrier Material (Expanded Clay)
• References.
• 10. Phosphorus Management in Agricultural Soils by Mycorrhizal Fungi
• 1. Introduction
• 2. P availability to Plants
• 3. Role of P in Plant Growth
• 4. P Dynamics in Rhizosphere and Factors Affecting P Uptake by Plants
• 4.1. Role of Microbes in P Solubilisation
• 4.2. Role of Mycorrhizae in P Uptake
• 5. Mechanism of P-uptake by Mycorrhiza
• 6. Genetic Framework Responsible for P-solubilization by Mycorrhiza
• 7. Factors Regulating P Acquisition during AM Symbiosis
• 8. Conclusion
• References.
• — Part IV —
• 11. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis: A Boon for Sustainable Legume Production under Salinity and Heavy Metal Stress
• 1. Introduction
• 2. AM Symbiosis: Establishment
• 3. Contribution of AM Fungi
• 4. Tolerance of AM Fungi to Salt and Metal Stress
• 5. AM Fungi: Stress Ameliorators
• 5.1. Role of AM Fungi under HM Stress
• 5.2. Role of AM Fungi under Salinity Stress
• 6. Conclusion and Future Perspectives
• References.
• 12. Potential Use of AM Fungi for Bet- ter Utilization of Fly Ash in Agroecosystem
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Fly Ash in Soil Improvement
• 3. Fly Ash in Agriculture
• 4. Limitations of Fly Ash Utilization
• 5. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Fungi
• 6. AM Fungi vs Fly Ash
• 7. Conclusions and Future Prospective
• References.
• 13. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: An Eco-Friendly Bio-Resource for Enhancing Nutrient Use Efficiency and Drought Tolerance in Agricultural Crops
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Mechanism of Nutrient and Water Absorption
• 2.1. AM Fungi and Water Absorption
• 2.2. AM Fungi and Nutrient Acquisition
• 3. AM Fungi and Soil Physico-chemical Properties
• 4. Impact of Agricultural Practices on AMF Population
• 4.1. Soil Conditions
• 4.2. Tillage
• 4.3. Fertilizer Use
• 4.4. Crop Rotation
• 4.5. Use of Fungicides
• 5. Conclusion and Future Perspective
• References.
• 14. Saline Soils and Possible Ways for Reclamation using Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Causes of Salinity
• 2.1. Effect of Salinity on Plants
• 2.2. Crops Suitable for Cultivation in Saline Soils
• 3. Methods of Amelioration
• 4. Symbiosis of AM Fungi
• 5. Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) in Saline Soils
• 6. Effect of Salinity Stress on AM Fungal Colonization in different Plants
• 7. Effect of Salinity on Germination of Spores
• 8. Role of AM Fungi in Sand Aggregation
• 9. Dune Restoration in different Plants Growing in Coastal Regions
• 11. Effect of AM Fungi on Plant Growth under Saline Conditions
• 12. Greenhouse Experiment to Understand the Effect of AM Fungi in Saline Stress
• 13. Effect of AM Fungi on Nutrient uptake in Saline Soils
• 14. Effect on Hydraulic Conductivity
• 15. Conclusion
• References.
• — Part V —
• 15. Biocontrol of Fusarium Wilt of Tomato with special reference to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Disease Management
• 2.1. Chemical Control
• 2.2. Physical Method
• 2.3. Biological Control
• 2.4. Plant Products/Botanicals
• 2.5. Organic Amendments
• 2.6. Induced Resistance
• 2.7. Integrated Control
• 3. Research from our Laboratory
• References.
• 16. Molecular Mechanisms and Event- s Coupled with Mycorrhizal Symbiosis
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Strigolactones Provoke Fungal Activity by Activating Mitochondria
• 3. Specifc Function of GRAS Type Transcription Factors
• 4. Protein Pattern Associated with AM Fungi
• 5. Genetic Control over the Development of Arbuscules
• 6. Control of AM Symbiosis by Nutrient Signals
• 7. Roles of Phytohormones
• 8. Role of Plastid Derived Metabolites
• 9. Discussion
• References.