CHAPTER 0
ZAKAT
Linguistically speaking, the word zakat means โgrowthโ and โpurificationโ. A personโs property grows when zakat is paid, but this growth is not visible. It purifies the person who pays it from sin. It is said that its reward grows with God. It is given the Islamic name zakat because it carries the linguistic sense of its name. It is also said that it is called zakat because it purifies its payer and testifies that he or she is a genuine believer. We said the same about the hadith that says: โแนขadaqah is a proofโ. แนขadaqah refers to voluntary charity, and the word is derived from a root that means โtruth, sincerity, etc.โ. Hence, it is said that it is given this name because it is evidence that the giver is a genuine believer. Qadi สฟIyฤแธ quotes al-Mฤzarฤซ:
Islam makes clear that zakat is made obligatory to relieve hardship. Such a relief can only come from a property that is above a certain threshold. It is then applied to fixed property, which is money, agricultural produce and cattle. Scholars are unanimous that zakat is payable for all these. They differ as to whether it applies to other property, such as goods. The majority of scholars make it applicable to them, while Dฤwลซd says it does not, citing the hadith: โNo one is liable to pay zakat on his slave or horseโ. The majority of scholars understand this as referring to what is intended for ownership. Islam defines the threshold of each type of property according to what may provide relief. The threshold for silver is 200 dirhams, which is clearly stated in a hadith and unanimously agreed upon by scholars. The threshold for gold is twenty mithqal, [a mithqal is stated to be equivalent to 4.25 grams, which means the threshold is 85 grams of gold]. This is defined by unanimous agreement. An odd difference of view is mentioned in this connection. Also, a hadith is reported from the Prophet (peace be upon him).
As for agricultural produce and cattle, their thresholds are well known. Islamic law defines the payable portion according to what is involved of expense and effort. The highest duty, which is one-fifth, is on what is in the earth because it involves no effort. Next is agricultural produce, on which the duty is one-tenth if it is irrigated by rain. Otherwise, the duty is half of one-tenth. Next is gold, silver, money and commerce, where the duty is a quarter of one-tenth, i.e., 2.5%, because these require work carried on throughout the year. The last type is cattle because duties are set for certain numbers, while those in between such numbers are not liable to zakat. This does not apply to the other types mentioned. But God knows best.
CHAPTER 1
NO ZAKAT FOR WHAT IS BELOW THE THRESHOLD
[1947โ1]. (Dar al-Salam 2134) สฟAmr ibn Muhammad ibn Bukayr al-Nฤqid narrated to me:i Sufyฤn ibn สฟUyaynah narrated; he said: I asked สฟAmr ibn Yaแธฅyฤ ibn สฟUmฤrah and he reported to me from his father; from Abu Saสฟฤซd al-Khudrฤซ; from the Prophet (peace be upon him). He said: โNo zakat is payable for what is less than five wasqs, nor for less than five heads [of camels], nor for less than five uqiyyahs [of silver]โ.
ููุญูุฏููุซูููู ุนูู
ูุฑูู ุจููู ู
ูุญูู
ููุฏู ุจููู ุจูููููุฑู ุงููููุงููุฏูุ ุญูุฏููุซูููุง ุณูููููุงูู ุจููู ุนูููููููุฉู ููุงูู: ุณูุฃูููุชู ุนูู
ูุฑูู ุจููู ููุญูููู ุจููู ุนูู
ูุงุฑูุฉูุ ููุฃูุฎูุจูุฑูููู ุนููู ุฃูุจููููุ ุนููู ุฃูุจูู ุณูุนููุฏู ุงููุฎูุฏูุฑููููุ ุนููู ุงููููุจูููู ุตููููู ุงูููู ุนููููููู ููุณููููู
ู ููุงูู: ยซููููุณู ูููู
ูุง ุฏูููู ุฎูู
ูุณูุฉู ุฃูููุณููู ุตูุฏูููุฉูุ ูููุงู ูููู
ูุง ุฏูููู ุฎูู
ูุณู ุฐูููุฏู ุตูุฏูููุฉูุ ูููุงู ูููู
ูุง ุฏูููู ุฎูู
ูุณู ุฃูููุงูู ุตูุฏูููุฉูยป.
[000โ2]. (Dar al-Salam 2135) Muhammad ibn Rumแธฅ ibn al-Muhฤjir narrated: al-Layth reported [H]. Also, สฟAmr al-Nฤqid narrated to me; สฟAbdullฤh ibn Idrฤซs narrated; both from Yaแธฅyฤ ibn Saสฟฤซd; from สฟAmr ibn Yaแธฅyฤ; with this same chain of transmission: the same text.
ููุญูุฏููุซูููุง ู
ูุญูู
ููุฏู ุจููู ุฑูู
ูุญู ุจููู ุงูููู
ูููุงุฌูุฑูุ ุฃูุฎูุจูุฑูููุง ุงููููููุซูุ ุญ. ููุญูุฏููุซูููู ุนูู
ูุฑูู ุงููููุงููุฏูุ ุญูุฏููุซูููุง ุนูุจูุฏู ุงูููู ุจููู ุฅูุฏูุฑููุณูุ ูููุงูููู
ูุง ุนููู ููุญูููู ุจููู ุณูุนููุฏูุ ุนููู ุนูู
ูุฑูู ุจููู ููุญููููุ ุจูููุฐูุง ุงูุฅูุณูููุงุฏู: ู
ูุซููููู.
[1948โ000]. (Dar al-Salam 2136) Muhammad ibn Rฤfiสฟ narrated: สฟAbd al-Razzฤq narrated; Ibn Jurayj reported; สฟAmr ibn Yaแธฅyฤ ibn สฟUmฤrah; from his father Yaแธฅyฤ ibn สฟUmฤrah; he said: I heard Abu Saสฟฤซd al-Khudrฤซ say: โI heard Godโs Messenger (peace be upon him) say: โAnd the Prophet (peace be upon him) pointed with his five fingersโ.โ He then added the same as Ibn สฟUyaynahโs narration.
ููุญูุฏููุซูููุง ู
ูุญูู
ููุฏู ุจููู ุฑูุงููุนูุ ุญูุฏููุซูููุง ุนูุจูุฏู ุงูุฑููุฒููุงููุ ุฃูุฎูุจูุฑูููุง ุงุจููู ุฌูุฑูููุฌูุ ุฃูุฎูุจูุฑูููู ุนูู
ูุฑูู ุจููู ููุญูููู ุจููู ุนูู
ูุงุฑูุฉูุ ุนููู ุฃูุจูููู ููุญูููู ุจููู ุนูู
ูุงุฑูุฉู ููุงูู: ุณูู
ูุนูุชู ุฃูุจูุง ุณูุนููุฏู ุงููุฎูุฏูุฑูููู ููููููู: ุณูู
ูุนูุชู ุฑูุณูููู ุงูููู ุตููููู ุงูููู ุนููููููู ููุณููููู
ู ููููููู: ููุฃูุดูุงุฑู ุงููููุจูููู ุตููููู ุงูููู ุนููููููู ููุณููููู
ู ุจูููููููู ุจูุฎูู
ูุณู ุฃูุตูุงุจูุนูููุ ุซูู
ูู ุฐูููุฑู ุจูู
ูุซููู ุญูุฏููุซู ุงุจููู ุนูููููููุฉู.
[1949โ3]. (Dar al-Salam 2137) Abu Kฤmil Fuแธayl ibn แธคusayn al-Jaแธฅdarฤซ narrated: Bishr (meaning Ibn Mufaแธแธal) narrated; สฟUmฤrah ibn Ghaziyyah narrated; from Yaแธฅyฤ ibn สฟUmฤrah; he said: I heard Abu Saสฟฤซd al-Khudrฤซ say: โGodโs Messenger (peace be upon him) said: โNo zakat is payable for what is less than five wasqs, nor for less than five heads [of camels], nor for less than five uqiyyahs [of silver]โ.โ
ููุญูุฏููุซูููู ุฃูุจูู ููุงู
ููู ููุถููููู ุจููู ุญูุณููููู ุงููุฌูุญูุฏูุฑููููุ ุญูุฏููุซูููุง ุจูุดูุฑูุ ููุนูููู ุงุจููู ู
ูููุถููููุ ุญูุฏููุซูููุง ุนูู
ูุงุฑูุฉู ุจููู ุบูุฒููููุฉูุ ุนููู ููุญูููู ุจููู ุนูู
ูุงุฑูุฉู ููุงูู: ุณูู
ูุนูุชู ุฃูุจูุง ุณูุนููุฏู ุงููุฎูุฏูุฑูููู ููููููู: ููุงูู ุฑูุณูููู ุงูููู ุตููููู ุงูููู ุนููููููู ููุณููููู
ู: ยซููููุณู ูููู
ูุง ุฏูููู ุฎูู
ูุณูุฉู ุฃูููุณููู ุตูุฏูููุฉูุ ููููููุณู ูููู
ูุง ุฏูููู ุฎูู
ูุณู ุฐูููุฏู ุตูุฏูููุฉูุ ููููููุณู ูููู
ูุง ุฏูููู ุฎูู
ูุณู ุฃูููุงูู ุตูุฏูููุฉูยป.
[1950โ4]. (Dar al-Salam 2138) Abu Bakr ibn Abi Shaybah, สฟAmr al-Nฤqid and Zuhayr ibn แธคarb narrated: they said: Wakฤซสฟ narrated; from Sufyฤn; from Ismฤสฟฤซl ibn Umayyah; from Muhammad ibn Yaแธฅyฤ ibn แธคabbฤn; from Yaแธฅyฤ ibn สฟUmฤrah; from Abu Saสฟฤซd al-Khudrฤซ. He said: โGodโs Messenger (peace be upon him) said: โNo zakat is payable for what is less than five wasqs of dates or grainโ.โ
ููุญูุฏููุซูููุง ุฃูุจูู ุจูููุฑู ุจููู ุฃูุจูู ุดูููุจูุฉู ููุนูู
ูุฑูู ุงููููุงููุฏู ููุฒูููููุฑู ุจููู ุญูุฑูุจู. ููุงูููุง: ุญูุฏููุซูููุง ูููููุนูุ ุนููู ุณูููููุงููุ ุนููู ุฅูุณูู
ูุงุนูููู ุจููู ุฃูู
ููููุฉูุ ุนููู ู
ูุญูู
ููุฏู ุจููู ููุญูููู ุจููู ุญูุจููุงููุ ุนููู ููุญูููู ุจููู ุนูู
ูุงุฑูุฉูุ ุนููู ุฃูุจูู ุณูุนููุฏู ุงููุฎูุฏูุฑูููู ููุงูู: ููุงูู ุฑูุณูููู ุงูููู ุตููููู ุงูููู ุนููููููู ููุณููููู
ู: ยซููููุณู ูููู
ูุง ุฏูููู ุฎูู
ูุณูุฉู ุฃูููุณูุงูู ู
ููู ุชูู
ูุฑู ูููุงู ุญูุจูู ุตูุฏูููุฉูยป.
[1951โ5]. (Dar al-Salam 2139-2140) Isแธฅฤq ibn Manแนฃลซr narrated: สฟAbd al-Raแธฅmฤn (meaning Ibn Mahdฤซ) reported; Sufyฤn narrated; from Ismฤสฟฤซl ibn Umayyah; from Muhammad ibn Yaแธฅyฤ ibn แธคabbฤn; from Yaแธฅyฤ ibn สฟUmฤrah; from Abu Saสฟฤซd al-Khudrฤซ; that โThe Prophet (peace be upon him) said: โNo zakat is payable on grains or dates until they become five wasqs, nor for less than five heads [of camels], nor for less than five uqiyyahs [of silver]โ.โ
ููุญูุฏููุซูููุง ุฅูุณูุญูุงูู ุจููู ู
ูููุตููุฑูุ ุฃูุฎูุจูุฑูููุง ุนูุจูุฏู ุงูุฑููุญูู
ูููุ ููุนูููู ุงุจููู ู
ูููุฏููููุ ุญูุฏููุซูููุง ุณูููููุงููุ ุนููู ุฅูุณูู
ูุงุนูููู ุจููู ุฃูู
ููููุฉูุ ุนููู ู
ูุญูู
ููุฏู ุจููู ููุญูููู ุจููู ุญูุจููุงููุ ุนููู ููุญูููู ุจููู ุนูู
ูุงุฑูุฉูุ ุนููู ุฃูุจูู ุณูุนููุฏู ุงููุฎูุฏูุฑููููุ ุฃูููู ุงููููุจูููู ุตููููู ุงูููู ุนููููููู ููุณููููู
ู ููุงูู: ููููุณู ููู ุญูุจูู ูููุงู ุชูู
ูุฑู ุตูุฏูููุฉู ุญูุชููู ููุจูููุบู ุฎูู
ูุณูุฉู ุฃูููุณูููุ ูููุงู ูููู
ูุง ุฏูููู ุฎูู
ูุณู ุฐูููุฏู ุตูุฏูููุฉูุ ูููุงู ูููู
ูุง ุฏูููู ุฎูู
ูุณู ุฃูููุงูู ุตูุฏูููุฉู.
สฟAbd ibn แธคumayd narrated to me: Yaแธฅyฤ ibn Adam marrated; Sufyฤn al-Thawrฤซ narrated; from Ismฤสฟฤซl ibn Umayyah; with this chain of transmission: the same text as Ibn Mahdiโs narration.
ููุญูุฏููุซูููู ุนูุจูุฏู ุจููู ุญูู
ูููุฏูุ ุญูุฏููุซูููุง ููุญูููู ุจููู ุขุฏูู
ูุ ุญูุฏููุซูููุง ุณูููููุงูู ุงูุซููููุฑููููุ ุนููู ุฅูุณูู
ูุงุนูููู ุจููู ุฃูู
ููููุฉูุ ุจูููุฐูุง ุงูุฅูุณูููุงุฏู: ู
ูุซููู ุญูุฏููุซู ุงุจููู ู
ูููุฏูููู.
[1952โ000]. (Dar al-Salam 2141) Muhammad ibn Rฤfiสฟ narrated to me: สฟAbd al-Razzฤq narrated; al-Thawrฤซ and Maสฟmar reported; from Ismฤสฟฤซl ibn Umayyah; with this chain of transmission: the same text as narrated by Ibn Mahdi and Yaแธฅya ibn Adam, except that โthe word โdatesโ is substituted by โfruitsโ.โii
ููุญูุฏููุซูููู ู
ูุญูู
ููุฏู ุจููู ุฑูุงููุนูุ ุญูุฏููุซูููุง ุนูุจูุฏู ุงูุฑููุฒููุงููุ ุฃูุฎูุจูุฑูููุง ุงูุซููููุฑูููู ููู
ูุนูู
ูุฑูุ ุนููู ุฅูุณูู
ูุงุนูููู ุจููู ุฃูู
ููููุฉู ุจูููุฐูุง ุงูุฅูุณูููุงุฏู: ู
ูุซููู ุญูุฏููุซู ุงุจููู ู
ูููุฏูููู ููููุญูููู ุจููู ุขุฏูู
ูุ ุบูููุฑู ุฃูููููู ููุงูู - ุจูุฏููู ุงูุชููู
ูุฑู โ ุซูู
ูุฑู.
[1953โ6]. (Dar al-Salam 2142) แธคarลซn ibn Maสฟrลซf and แธคarลซn ibn Saสฟฤซd al-Aylฤซ narrated: both said: Ibn Wahb narrated; สฟIyฤแธ ibn สฟAbdullฤh reported to me; from Abu al-Zubayr; from Jฤbir ibn สฟAbdullฤh; from Godโs Messenger (peace be upon him); that he said: โNo zakat is payable for less than five uqiyyahs of silver, nor for less than five heads of camels, nor for what is less than five wasqs of datesโ.
ุญูุฏููุซูููุง ููุงุฑูููู ุจููู ู
ูุนูุฑูููู ููููุงุฑูููู ุจููู ุณูุนููุฏู ุงูุฃููููููููุ ููุงูุง: ุญูุฏููุซูููุง ุงุจููู ููููุจูุ ุฃูุฎูุจูุฑูููู ุนูููุงุถู ุจููู ุนูุจูุฏู ุงููููุ ุนููู ุฃูุจูู ุงูุฒููุจูููุฑูุ ุนููู ุฌูุงุจูุฑู ุจููู ุนูุจูุฏู ุงููููุ ุนููู ุฑูุณูููู ุงูููู ุตููููู ุงูููู ุนููููููู ููุณููููู
ู ุฃูููููู ููุงูู: ููููุณู ูููู
ูุง ุฏูููู ุฎูู
ูุณู ุฃูููุงูู ู
ููู ุงููููุฑููู ุตูุฏูููุฉูุ ููููููุณู ูููู
ูุง ุฏูููู ุฎูู
ูุณู ุฐูููุฏู ู
ููู ุงูุฅูุจููู ุตูุฏูููุฉูุ ููููููุณู ูููู
ูุง ุฏูููู ุฎูู
ูุณูุฉู ุฃูููุณููู ู
ููู ุงูุชููู
ูุฑู ุตูุฏูููุฉู.
Text Explanation
This hadith, in its various narrations, defines the amount a person must have before he or she is required to pay zakat. The Prophet says: โNo zakat is payable for what is less than five wasqsโ. One wasq is equal to sixty แนฃaสฟ, and a แนฃaสฟ is estimated at five and one-third raแนญls of the weight used in Baghdad.
[Note: Further details are given by Imam al-Nawawฤซ on these weights and measures, which are no longer used in any part of the Muslim world. The term raแนญl is still used in some areas but it differs from one area to another. In Egypt, it is equivalent to one pound, i.e., 454 grams, while in Syria it was, until recently, 2.5 kilograms, i.e., more than five times the Egyptian weight. Scholars have worked out the equivalent of the amount stated by the Prophet as five wasqs, and Shaikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi says that it amounts to 647 kilograms of wheat.iii]
This hadith gives us two very useful and important points: 1) Zakat must be paid on these amounts; and 2) No zakat is payable on what is less than them. There is no difference among Muslims on these two points, except for what Abu แธคanฤซfah and a few early scholars said, whereby zakat is payable on any amount of grain, be it much or little. This is an erroneous view, as it is contrary to the clear statements in authentic hadiths. Scholars are unanimous that zakat is payable for gold and that its threshold [i.e., niแนฃab] is twenty mithqals, except for a report that al-แธคasan al-Baแนฃrฤซ and al-Zuhrฤซ gave stating that the threshold is forty mithqals, but the better-known view of both agrees with the widely held view and that it is payable for twenty mithqals. [A mithqal is equivalent to 4.25 grams, which makes the threshold for gold 85 grams.] Qadi สฟIyฤแธ said: โIt is reported that some early scholars said that zakat is payable for gold when its value is equivalent to 200 dirhams, even if it is...