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What Do School Library Professionals Contribute to Student Learning and Support? A Focus on Australia and the UK
What do school library professionals contribute to student learning and support? It will come as no surprise to you that the answer is a lot!
This is the longest chapter in the book, simply because school library professionals make a substantial and multifaceted contribution to student learning and support, but we need to start here and be expansive. The book is interested in the role of school libraries and their professional staff in supporting literacy and wellbeing, so it is important that these specific aspects of the role of school library professionals are considered within this broader frame of their role. Furthermore, school libraries and their staff are expected to contribute to student learning in contemporary schools, though the relationship between libraries and student achievement may not be well understood, so this chapter can also be used by school library professionals seeking to articulate some of the diverse facets of their role, as I will explore further in this chapter.
Associations between school libraries and student achievement have been extensively explored over time (Farmer, 2006; Lance & Kachel, 2018; Merga, 2019). While we can always do with more and higher quality research from diverse contexts (Stefl-Mabry et al., 2019), the evidence we have suggests that school libraries and their professional staff can make an important difference in the lives of young students. Although studies have often focused on the impact of libraries and library access on student performance in literacy testing (Francis et al., 2010; Hughes et al., 2014), this is only part of the whole picture around what libraries have to offer. This chapter takes a close look at the specific roles of teacher librarians in Australia and school librarians in the UK, exploring what they specifically do to enhance student learning, relating these practices to the research we already have around best practice and student learning.
Teacher librarian and school librarian: What is the difference?
First, I need to be clear that I do not conflate the roles teacher librarian and school librarian, even though I use the term school library professional commonly in this book to refer to both. Teacher librarians in Australia and school librarians in the UK obviously work in different national contexts and schooling systems, with different curricular and regulatory constraints, and they may have different professional standards and requirements.
In Australia, teacher librarians are conceptualised as follows.
A qualified teacher librarian is defined as a person who holds recognised teaching qualifications and qualifications in librarianship, defined as eligibility for professional membership for the Australian Library and Information Association (ALIA).
Within the broad fields of education and librarianship, teacher librarians are uniquely qualified. This is valuable because curriculum knowledge and pedagogy are combined with library and information management knowledge and skills.
Teacher librarians support and implement the vision of their school communities through advocating and building effective library and information services and programs that contribute to the development of lifelong learners.
(Australian School Library Association (ASLA), 2019, paras. 1â3)
In my experience with the ASLA, I have seen that Australian teacher librarians are very protective of their titles, as they hold tertiary qualifications in both education and librarianship. In my observation, teacher librarians are not protective of their titles in order to feel superior or promote division and exclusivity; rather, they have justifiable concerns that their roles will be replaced by staff who often have qualifications in neither area, but who are cheaper to employ due to remuneration structures in Australian schooling systems. For example, a recent study focused on South Australia found that while â94% of schools have someone to manage the library collection and to select resourcesâ, in only â23% of schools the person in this role is a qualified teacher librarianâ (Dix et al., 2020), and Erickson (2019) reported on a small sample of Canadian paraprofessionals managing their school libraries. Teacher librarians are devalued despite the fact that they âhave the capacity to provide tailored lessons and classroom support for their school communities, saving time and potentially decreasing workloads for classroom teachersâ (Willis, 2020, p. 15). I explore the issue of deprofessionalisation further in Chapter 7.
The School Library Association (SLA) supports and advocates for school library professionals in the UK, and they also provide some information around expectations of the role. Their website states that âthe School Library Association believes that the School Librarian/Library Manager has an essential and unique specialist role to play in supporting pupilsâ learning and their development into effective, independent learners and readersâ (SLA, n.d.-a, para. 1). Furthermore, it contends that the School Librarian should be:
a partner with teaching staff in the education process
a partner in supporting individual learning behaviours
an acknowledged expert in resource and information provision and management
a leader and partner with teaching staff in the collaborative design and implementation of information literacy programmes throughout the school
a leader in creating and developing a climate to promote and support reading for pleasure across the school
an acknowledged partner with all departments to effectively support and resource each key stage
a partner in out of hours learning.
(SLA, n.d.-a, para. 2)
Their website also contains a job description for the primary school librarian role, which details its core purpose, specific responsibilities and person-specific criteria (SLA, n.d.-b).
In the UK, the Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals (CILIP) is the library and information association involved with librariansâ professional registration. On their webpage on school librarians, CILIP states that âthe school library or learning centre will house books and journals alongside internet access and audio-visual materials and the librarian is responsible for promoting the use of the service and engaging with teaching and management staff to ensure thisâ. Qualifications and capacities are also mentioned, as they note that âan accredited degree or postgraduate qualification in library and information science is usually required and for some roles a teaching qualification is also beneficialâ, and that âmany employers also look for CILIP Chartership or a willingness to work towards Chartershipâ. Furthermore,
Youâll need to be adept at teaching information literacy skills and encouraging and assessing reader development through activities like shadowing the Carnegie Medal for childrenâs and young peopleâs fiction. Sometimes the librarian is also responsible for the virtual learning environment.
(CILIP, n.d., para. 2)
Interestingly, while the UK school librarian is expected to be âadept at teachingâ, the limited available research suggests that it is rare for them to be a qualified teacher (Streatfield et al., 2011). Furthermore, having a teaching qualification as well as a qualification in librarianship may not necessarily be deemed desirable by UK school librarians.
For example, a small study by Brackenbury and Willett (2011) found that school librarians were typically viewed as support staff, with respondents disappointed to be viewed in this light âwhen they had either worked hard for academic qualifications in order to be able to call themselves a librarian or had contributed to the teaching and learning outcomes of the school by teaching âlibrary lessonsââ (p. 241). In response,
interviewees were asked whether the situation would improve if librarians received dual training, and came with teaching qualifications, as well as library qualifications. It was felt that this idea might help more librarians to be considered as teaching staff, which was evidently an issue for many of the librarian interviewees, but the responses to this suggestion were very mixed. For example, one interviewee suggested that if somebody had a teaching qualification then they would immediately be given additional teaching duties at the expense of their library responsibilities; and another suggested that having two qualifications would lead to substantially enhanced salary expectations (with the possible implication that these would not be met). (p. 242)
While a larger scale study is needed to explore whether these views hold broader generalisabil...