Every nation tends to regard its own educational arrangements as uniquely suited to human nature, and those of other nations as mild eccentricities to be tolerated but not imitated. However, the degree of idiosyncrasy exhibited by the English sixth form might be thought to be so extreme as to disqualify it as a subject for techniques of curriculum research with pretensions to general validity. In fact, its anomalies have a positive value to the researcher in that he is compelled to look carefully at the forces which have created and sustained the object of his research, and he must abandon the notion that a curriculum is a set of arrangements which rationality has called into being and which rationality can alter. The failure of recent attempts to introduce changes in the curriculum of the sixth form have shown the strength of the ideas and ideologies which underpin it, and it is to these that we must devote some attention in this chapter. But first of all a brief sketch is required of the sixth form and its place in the English educational system.
The sixth form is an institution devoted mainly to providing an academic education for students who wish to remain in school beyond the statutory leaving age (raised in 1973 from 15 to 16). Sixth forms are not self-contained institutions; they consist of the top class or classes in secondary schools receiving pupils from the age of 11 or 12, or, less frequently, 13 or 14. Other classes (first form, second form, etc.) consist of pupils in one year group, but the sixth form caters for students aged from 16 to 19, and is usually sub-divided into lower-sixth form and upper-sixth form. Occasionally, there is a third-year sixth form as well. Sixth-formers do not follow a fixed curriculum, but choose a small number of subjects, usually three, which they study in great detail, often with the intention of continuing their studies at the university. A recent survey showed that about two-thirds of boys and half the girls in sixth forms were intending to follow a university course when they left school.1
However, instead of staying in school, a 16-year-old student may enrol for a full-time course in a college of further education.2 Here he can follow an academic curriculum similar to the one he might have taken in a sixth form, or, more probably, he will follow one with a vocational bias. In a few areas he may have the choice of entering a sixth-form college, specifically designed for students in the 16-19 age range, and retaining some of the distinctive features of sixth forms, especially a bias towards academic courses. Sixth form colleges are of recent origin and, by January 1972, only fourteen had been opened, catering for about 9,000 students, but a further forty-three have been provided, or are being planned, and by 1976 they will serve about 27,000 students.3 Colleges of further education (and some sixth-form colleges) have important differences from sixth forms in that they admit part-time students, they cater for students of all ages over 16, including adults, and they provide almost any type of course for which there is a sufficient demand. However, most students of 16-19 are still to be found in the sixth forms of secondary schools. Table 1.1 shows how they are distributed among the various types of school.4
TABLE 1.1 Numbers of schools and sixth-form students, January 19715 Type of secondary school | Total no. of schools | No. of schools providing A-level | Students on A-level courses6 | All students aged 16 and over |
Modern | 2,464 | 430 | 5,700 | 15,600 |
Grammar | 970 | 964 | 114,800 | 119,800 |
Comprehensive | 1,373 | 866 | 68,900 | 87,200 |
Other maintained | 341 | 239 | 14,100 | 18,500 |
Direct grant | 176 | 176 | 24,200 | 28,300 |
Independent | 676 | 548 | 35,100 | 44,000 |
Total | 6,000 | 3,223 | 262,800 | 313,400 |
The total number of students still in school after reaching the age of 16 represents about a quarter of those in the age range 16-18 (relatively few stay in school until they are 19), and those on A-level courses about a fifth of the same group. Some evidence about the numbers of full-time students enrolled not in schools but in colleges of further education is given in Table 1.2.
TABLE 1.2 Students aged 15-19 on full-time or sandwich courses7 in colleges of further education, November 19708 | Full-time students | Students on sandwich courses |
GCE O-level | 29,800 | ā |
GCE A-level | 26,200 | ā |
Other courses | 69,100 | 4,100 |
Total (474 colleges) | 125,100 | 4,100 |
When the figures for further education are taken into account, the proportion of the age group in full-time education rises to about a third, but only about a fifth of further-education students are following academic courses at A-level. About 60 per cent of sixth-form students are boys, while in further education they constitute only about 45 per cent of the total.
The development of the sixth form
In 1959 an official report appeared, entitled, 15 to 18, dealing with the education of students in that age range and paying special attention to the sixth form ā which it saw as having five distinguishing āmarksā:9
(A) close link with the university is, in our opinion, one of the essential marks of a Sixth Form. . . . The good and keen Sixth Former . . . has looked forward to being a science specialist, or a classic, or a historian: his mind has been set that way by inclination. . . . Whatever hinders specialization is to him, at first, a waste of time . . . specialization is a mark of the Sixth Form, and āsubject-mindednessā of the Sixth Former. The third mark ...