Brussels, 26th August 1856 |
Dear child and brothers of my heart,
The month of August, which you know is so fatal to my happiness by the triple loss1 it has marked in my life, began for me this year sadder and more painful than ever.
With a heavy heart, my mind still crushed by the heart-breaking memory of the death of the best mother, I saw approaching the first anniversary of the day that removed her from my affection.
You thought Paris would exercise its ordinary magic on me: well! I saw the city again with indifference, and it became monotonous and almost unbearable to me as this sad anniversary drew near. [âŚ]
I had to travel to new countries, to draw new impressions from a wider horizon, in a freer atmosphere, and hence more in line with my tastes. I had to see, in the end, a typical land [Germany] whose serious and grave aspect impressed my mind by the richness of its nature, its grandiose past and the still patriarchal customs of its people.2
In August 1856, Brazilian-born NĂsia Floresta embarked on a trip to Germany with her 26-year-old daughter, LĂvia â her lifelong travel companion and translator of some of her works. Departing from Paris, where they had moved in from Rio de Janeiro almost a year before, together they travelled for a month across Brussels, Liège, Spa, Aix-la-Chapelle, Cologne, Bonn, Koblenz, Mainz, Frankfurt, Mannheim, Stuttgart, Baden-Baden, Mulhouse and Strasbourg, among other small towns and villages. Floresta justified her need to travel in terms of emotional well-being: the first anniversary of the death of her mother was approaching and she sought for a change of scene.
NĂsia Floresta â pseudonym of DionĂsia Gonçalves Pinto (1810 â 1885) â led indeed a rather itinerant life.3 Born into a comfortably-off family, her father was a Portuguese lawyer, her mother a Brazilian land-owner, most probably of European origin. Floresta spent the first years of her childhood in the family fazenda in Rio Grande do Norte but, due to her fatherâs Portuguese origin and political sympathies, she moved in to different places in Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Sul and Rio de Janeiro during and after the anti-Lusitanian revolts in the north east, which killed her father and eventually led to the independence of the country in 1822.
As a child, Floresta received an European-style bourgeois education and was married to a wealthy landowner at the age of 13. Fleeing from an abusive marriage, she returned to her family, then living in Olinda.4 There she met law-student Manoel Augusto de Faria Rocha, with whom she had two children (LĂvia and Augusto AmĂŠrico) and moved to Porto Alegre. It is at this time Floresta published her first writings: press articles on the condition of women in the journal Espelho das Brasileiras (âThe mirror of Brazilian womenâ) in 1831 and her first book-length publication Direito das mulheres e injustiça dos homens (âWomenâs rights and menâs injusticeâ; 1832), which has earned her the title of the first feminist in Brazilian history for publishing a commented âfree translationâ of Mary Wollstonecraftâs A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792).5 Although, as we will see, her âfeminismâ was framed within a very traditional understanding of the female ânatureâ and its corresponding gender roles.
Losing her companion at the age of 23, she moved to Rio de Janeiro, where she funded and ran a pioneering school for girls: ColĂŠgio Augusto. In her school she projected the sort of western canonical literary, philosophical and scientific knowledge she was acquainted with and the values she encapsulated in the didactic-moralist works she published at that time: Conselhos Ă minha filha (âAdvice to my daughterâ; 1842), Daciz ou a jovem completa (âDaciz or the young complete girl; 1847), Fanny ou o modelo das donzelas (âFanny or the model of maidensâ; 1847) and Discurso que Ă s suas educandas dirigiu NĂsia Floresta Brasileira Augusta (âSpeech that NĂsia Floresta Brasileira Augusta addressed to her studentsâ; 1847).
In line with the educational travels bourgeois young men (and some women too) undertook at that time, Floresta widened her westernised formation during the three years she spent in France, Portugal and England in the company of her two children (1849 â 1852). This first European experience was underpinned by renewed liberal, positivist and hygienist discourses she reflected upon and incorporated into her thinking in her educational treatise for girls OpĂşsculo humanitĂĄrio, published back in Rio in 1853. Leaving her son in Brazil, three years later Floresta embarked on her second European voyage, which included the above-mentioned trip across Belgium and Germany as well as long stays in France, Italy and Greece. Her second European residence would last until her death in Rouen in 1885, visiting her home country only once (1872 â 1875).
During her second European residence, Floresta would write accounts of her encounter with the âOld Worldâ in two travel-writing publications: ItinĂŠraire dâun voyage en Allemagne (âItinerary of a trip to Germanyâ, ItinĂŠraire hereafter; 1857) and Trois ans en Italie suivis dâun voyage en Grèce (âThree years in Italy, followed by a trip to Greeceâ, Trois ans hereafter; Vol. I 1864âVol. II 1872).6 Written in the form of epistolary diaries addressed to her family in Brazil, she penned them in French, a language she was fluent in already since her young adulthood in Brazil. In her travel writing Floresta recorded, drawing on Romantic tropes, the minutiae of her travelling, the impressions that the monuments, castles, cemeteries and ruins evoked in her, the glorious historical events associated to canonical sites and the topos-like longing for relatives and her homeland they conjured up in her â as the opening quote illustrates.
These two travel writing works stand for Florestaâs making sense of her international and intercultural encounters in European soil. As such, they convey her self-projection as a Brazilian female traveller as well as her representation of the Other â which here takes the form of European picturesqueness and a concomitant redefined understanding of her own home country. Seeking to tease out her transnational transfer of knowledge, in this article I unpack this twofold construction â of identity and alterity â with a view to assessing the dialogue Floresta managed to engage in between Brazilian and European ideas about people, culture and nature. To do so, I examine her travel writing through the lens of postcolonial hybridity theory which, from an inverted perspective, permits studying how her travelling at the intersection of two continents was translated into a two-sided construction: her hybrid cultural identity and her understanding of the Other â here European picturesqueness and exoticised Brazil.
A Hybrid Cultural Identity
In her travel writing NĂsia Floresta articulated a hybrid cultura...