Advanced Oxidation Processes for Wastewater Treatment

An Innovative Approach

Maulin P Shah, Sweta Parimita Bera, Günay Yildiz Tore

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2022
• ISBN:
  9781000546644
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Biological Sciences
• Subtopic: Environmental Science
• Index: Biological Sciences

Advanced Oxidation Processes for Wastewater Treatment: An Innovative Approach: This book highlights the importance of various innovative advanced oxidation technology to clean up the environment from pollution caused by human activities. It assesses the potential application of several existing bioremediation techniques and introduces new emerging technologies.

This book is an updated vision of the existing advanced oxidation strategies with their limitations and challenges and their potential application to remove environmental pollutants. It also introduces the new trends and advances in environmental bioremediation technology with thorough discussion of recent developments in this field.

This book highlights the importance of different innovative advanced oxidation process to deal with the ever-increasing number of environmental pollutants.

Features:

• Illustrates the importance of various advance oxidation processes in effluent treatment plant
• Points out the reuse of the treated wastewater through emerging advance oxidation technologies for effluent treatment plant
• Highlights the recovery of resources from wastewater
• Pays attention to the occurrence of novel micro-pollutants
• Emphasizes the role of nanotechnology in bioremediation of pollutants
• Introduces new trends in environmental bioremediation

1 Treatment of Industrial Wastewater Utilizing Standalone and Integrated Advanced Oxidation Processes

Pranjal P. Das, Piyal Mondal and Mihir K. Purkait

DOI: 10.1201/9781003165958-1

CONTENTS

• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs)
• 1.2.1 Ozone Oxidation Process
• 1.2.2 Fenton Oxidation Process
• 1.2.3 Electrochemical Oxidation Process
• 1.2.4 UV Oxidation Process
• 1.2.5 Ultrasound-Based Oxidation Process
• 1.3 Sustainability of Advanced Oxidation Process
• 1.4 Utilization of AOPs in Bioremediation
• 1.5 Integrated Advanced Oxidation Processes
• 1.5.1 Ozone/Hydrogen Peroxide (O₃/H₂O₂) Process
• 1.5.2 Ozone/UV Radiation (O₃/UV) Process
• 1.5.3 Ozone/Catalysts Process
• 1.5.4 UV Radiation/Fenton Reagent Process
• 1.5.5 UV Radiation/Hydrogen Peroxide (UV/H₂O₂) Process
• 1.5.6 Sonolysis/Fenton Process
• 1.5.7 Sonolysis/Ozonation Process
• 1.6 Economical Aspects of Individual and Integrated AOPs
• 1.7 Conclusion and Future Aspects
• References

1.1 Introduction

The most fundamental requirement for life is water, which generally gets employed in various industrial and household activities. However, the rapid urbanization and abrupt expansion of industries, viz. textile, pharmaceuticals, fertilizers, distilleries, tanneries and mining industries, result in the formation of harmful recalcitrant wastewater consisting of various hazardous pollutants and eventually leading to a water crisis. Owing to its low biodegradability index, the recalcitrant content in wastewater becomes impervious to biological process treatment and as such is categorized by high chemical oxygen demand (COD) values. The existence of such nonbiodegradable refractory organic compounds, due to their potential carcinogenic activity in wastewater, may lead to serious health hazards. Such refractory compounds result in an increase in waterborne diseases, thereby calling for highly efficient advanced treatment techniques towards water security [1]. Although several conventional techniques extensively utilized for the elimination of toxic contaminants from wastewater have led to significantly good results viz. chemical coagulation [2], adsorption [3], biological methods [4] and membrane filtration [5], various limitations linked with each of these methods has become a matter of serious concern. For instance, the treatment time for adsorption process (pH-dependent) is very long. Also, apart from requiring a source of steam or vacuum for adsorbents regeneration, there is a gradual deterioration of the adsorbent potential with respect to an increase in the number of cycles [3]. Likewise, during chemical coagulation, there is a constant requirement for pH adjustment throughout the analysis. The process also requires the inclusion of various chemicals viz. acids and coagulants such as alum, chloride, polymeric or caustic flocculants, lime and ferric sulfate, besides generating a significant quantity of secondary contaminants and a substantial amount of sludge [2]. Moreover, in the membrane separation process, the permeate flux may significantly decline due to the occurrence of fouling on the membrane surface. The separation efficiency of the process may also be hampered due to membranes with wider pore size distribution [5]. In addition, the biological methods are generally utilized for industrial effluent treatment. Also, it requires the mandatory application of pathogenic as well as nonpathogenic microbes during the treatment [4].

However, over the last few decades, the application of various advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), viz. ozonation, Fenton oxidation, electrochemical oxidation, UV irradiation and ultrasonication, have been established as the most significant and effective techniques in removing numerous toxic and harmful pollutants present in wastewater. Glaze et al. (1987) [6] first suggested the conceptualization of AOP through the generation of hydroxyl radicals $\left({\text{OH}}^{\mathrm{•}}\right)$ in 1987. The superoxides formed during AOPs promote the in situ production of highly reactive oxygen species (ROS) viz. singlet oxygen (¹O₂), ozone $\left({\text{O}}_{\text{3}}\right)$, superoxide radicals $\left({\text{O}}_2^{\mathrm{•}-}\right)$, hydrogen peroxide $\left({\text{H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}\right)$, sulfate radical $\left({\text{SO}}_4^{\mathrm{•}-}\right)$ and hydroxyl radicals $\left({\text{OH}}^{\mathrm{•}}\right)$ with subsequent commencement of various oxidative reactions by reactive oxygen species present in water. Apart from the standalone AOPs, hybrid AOPs can be further employed to obtain a higher degree of degeneration for the refractory contaminants, a reduction in treatment time and an intensification of mineralization process. The hybrid AOPs discussed in this chapter may be classified as ozonation-based AOPs, Fenton-based AOPs, UV-based AOPs and ultrasound-based AOPs. However, the mechanism for the oxidation of complexing agents as well as the inactivation of pathogenic microbes by different AOPs and hybrid AOPs still lack a detailed understanding in regard to the elimination of trace organic contaminants (TrOCs), removal of heavy metal complexes, effect of different organic and inorganic compounds present, generation of various by-products, toxicity evaluation as well as consideration of economic aspects during the reduction of various wastewater contaminants.

This chapter outlines the overview of several standalone AOPs published in the literature for the removal of various complexing agents, heavy metal ions, microbes as well as TrOCs present in industrial and synthetic wastewater, with specific attention paid to hybrid AOPs as categorized previously. A brief profile for both the standalone and hybrid AOPs based on a thorough literature survey has been displayed. Moreover, detailed descriptions along with various experimental conditions associated with each of the processes, which eventually influence the performance efficiency of AOPs, are described. In addition, an economic assessment of both the standalone and hybrid AOPs is also demonstrated. This chapter also suggests future guidelines in the field of water chemistry correlation, nature of contaminants, aspects of mineralization, identification of reaction intermediates, development of rate expressions as well as identification of scale-up parameters.

1.2 Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs)

Advanced oxidation processes can be considered the most promising and significant techniques for the treatment of synthetic and industrial effluents, owing to the in situ generation of different powerful oxidants that helps in the degradation of all types of organic pollutants. Due to the occurrence of several oxidative reactions between the r...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Series
• Title
• Copyright
• Contents
• Preface
• Editor Bio
• List of Contributors
• 1 Treatment of Industrial Wastewater Utilizing Standalone and Integrated Advanced Oxidation Processes
• 2 Electro- and Photo-Fenton-Based Techniques in Wastewater Treatment for Advanced Oxidation of Recalcitrant Pollutants
• 3 Emerging Contaminants
• 4 Application of Advanced Oxidation Processes to Treat Industrial Wastewaters: Sustainability and Other Recent Challenges
• 5 Photoelectrocatalysis: Principles and Applications
• 6 Advanced Oxidation Processes for Wastewater Treatment: Types and Mechanism
• 7 Nanotechnology for Advanced Oxidation Based Water Treatment Processes
• 8 Electron Beam Accelerators: Wastewater to Useable Water
• 9 Insight into Advanced Oxidation Processes for Wastewater Treatment
• 10 Implementation of Progressive and Advanced Oxidation Techniques for the Efficient Treatment of Cytotoxic Effluents
• 11 Advanced Oxidation Processes and Bioremediation Techniques for Treatment of Recalcitrant Compounds Present in Wastewater
• 12 Innovative Advanced Oxidation Processes for Micropollutants in Wastewater
• 13 Application of Advanced Oxidation Processes in Combined Systems for Wastewater Reuse
• 14 Advanced Oxidation Process for Leachate Treatment: A Critical Review
• 15 Recent Trends in Nanomaterial-Based Advanced Oxidation Processes for Degradation of Dyes in Wastewater Treatment Plants
• 16 Advanced Oxidation of Phenolic Pollutants in Wastewater
• 17 Advanced Oxidation Processes for Remediation of Persistent Organic Pollutants
• 18 Treatment of Wastewater and Its Reuse
• 19 Remediation of Metal Pollutants in the Environment
• 20 Treatment Techniques of Industrial Effluents and Wastewater Treatment Plants
• 21 Nanostructured Photocatalytic Materials for Water Purification
• 22 Biological Based Methods for the Removal of VOCs and Heavy Metals