The Nature of Temporal (t > 0) Science

A Physically Realizable Principle

Francis T.S. Yu

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2022
• ISBN:
  9781000572308
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Physical Sciences
• Subtopic: Physics
• Index: Physics

The author has shown that practically all our laws, principles, and theories are not physically realizable, since they were derived from an empty space paradigm. From which this book is started with the origin of our temporal (t > 0) universe, it shows that temporal subspace is a physically realizable space within our universe. As in contrasted with generally accepted paradigm where time is an independent variable. From which the author has shown that it is not how rigorous mathematics is, but it is the temporal (t > 0) space paradigm determines the physically realizable solution. Although Einstein's relativity and Schrödinger's principle had revolutionized the modern science, this book has shown that both theory and principle are physically non-realizable since they were developed from an empty space paradigm. One of the most important contribution of this book must be the revolutionary idea of our temporal (t > 0) space, for which the author has shown that absolute certainty exists only at the present (t = 0) moment. Where past-time information has no physical substance and future-time represents a physically realizable yet uncertainty. From which the author has shown that all the existent laws, principles, and theories were based on past-time certainties to predict the future, but science is supposed to be approximated. The author has also shown that this is precisely our theoretical science was developed. But time independent laws and principles are not existed within our temporal universe, in view of the author's temporal exclusive principle. By which the author has noted that timeless science has already created a worldwide conspiracy for examples such as superposition principle, qubit information, relativity theory, wormhole travelling and many others. This book has also shown that Heisenberg's uncertainty is an observational principle independent with time, yet within our universe everything changes with time. In this book the author has also noted that micro space behaviors the same as macro space regardless of the particle size. Finally, one of interesting feature is that, that big bang creation was ignited by a self-induced gravitational force instead by time as commonly believed. Nevertheless, everything has a price to pay; a section of time ?t and an amount of energy ?E and it is not free. The author has also shown that time is the only variable that cannot be changed. Although we can squeeze a section of time ?t as small as we wish but we can never able to squeeze ?t to zero even we have all the needed energy. Nevertheless, this revolutionary book closer to the truth is highly recommended to every scientist and engineer, otherwise we will forever be trapped within the timeless fantasyland of science.

This book is intended for cosmologists, particle physicists, astrophysicists, quantum physicists, computer scientists, optical scientists, communication engineers, professors, and students as a reference or a research-oriented book.

1 Nature of Temporal (t > 0) Space

DOI: 10.1201/9781003271505-1

Since science needs mathematics, but we should not let mathematics take over our science since mathematics is not equal to science. It is therefore our responsibility to produce science that is physically realizable rather than fictitious and virtual, as is mathematics. Since science depends on mathematics, then what would you anticipate from science if it is “strictly” from mathematics standpoint? Since science is a law of “approximation”, in which we see that without approximated science then there will be no science since science is not supposed to be exact. On the other hand, what about mathematics? The answer is that mathematics is an axiom of absolute “certainty”. For this we see that, dependency on exact mathematics to evaluate approximated science is anticipated as “inexact”. Since science has to be physically real and mathematics is virtually rigorous, we see that it is “not” how sophisticated or rigorous mathematics is, it is how mathematics relattes to science. For this we see that it should be that science directs the mathematics, but not letting mathematics take over the leadership of science.

In order to understand the physical realizable science, first of all we have to understand what kind of a physical subspace we are living in. For example, when we hypothesize a deep-sea submarine, we need to understand the possible scenarios of the undersea environment, otherwise the submarine that we are hypothesizing would not physically realizable. For which it is my privilege to introduce how our temporal (t > 0) universe was created, which is a physically realizable subspace that all physical sciences are situated within. Otherwise, any hypothetical science would be as virtual as mathematics is. In other words, any scientific law, principle, theory, and hypothesis has to be proven existed within our temporal (t > 0) universe, otherwise they cannot actually exist within our temporal (t > 0) universe. From this, I have the fundamental principle of temporal (t > 0) universe to share; one cannot not get something from nothing within our universe there is always a price to pay, which is a section of time Δt and an amount of energy ΔE and it is not free. From which I will show that, our universe is an energy conservation subspace, and it is not a zero-summed energy universe that commonly had assumed.

1.1 Temporal (t > 0) Subspace

In view our universe, time must be one of the most enigmatic variables in the law of science. So what is time? Time is a variable and not a substance. It has no mass, no weight, no coordinate, no origin, and it cannot be detected or even be seen. Yet time is an everlasting variable within our known universe; it has no beginning and no end. From this we see that without time there would be no physical substance, no physical space, and no life. The fact is that every physical substance coexists with time, including our universe. Therefore, when one is dealing with science, time is one of the most enigmatic variables that cannot be simply ignored. Strictly speaking, all the laws, principles, and theories of science as well all the physical substances cannot exist without the existence of time.

On the other hand, energy is a physical quantity that governs every existence of substance, which includes the entire universe. In other words, without the existence of energy, there would be no substance and no universe! Nonetheless, based on our current laws of science, all the substances were created by energy and every substance can also be converted back to energy. Thus, energy and substances are exchangeable, but it requires some physical conditions (e.g., nuclei and chemical interactions and others) to make the conversion start. Since energy can be derived from mass, mass is equivalent to energy, yet mass is not equal to energy. Hence, every mass can be treated as an energy “reservoir”. The fact is that our universe is compactly filled with mass and energy. Without the existence of time, the trade (or conversion) between mass and energy could not have happened.

Let us now start with Einstein's energy equation, which was derived from his special theory of relativity [1], as given by:

$\mathrm{E}\approx {\mathrm{Mc}}^2$(1.1)

where “≈” is an approximation sign since science is approximated, m is the rest mass, and c is the velocity of light. In view of Eq. (1.1), we see that it is a point-singularity approximated timeless (t = 0) or time-independent equation. In other words, the equation needs to convert into a temporal (i.e., t > 0) or time-dependent equation for the conversion to take place from mass into energy. For which we see that, without the inclusion of time variable, the conversion would not have had taken place. Nonetheless, Einstein's energy equation represents the total amount of energy that can be converted from a rest mass, M. From this we see that every mass can be viewed as an energy reservoir. Thus, by incorporating a time variable, Einstein's energy equation can be represented by a partial differential form, as given by [2,3]:

$\frac{\partial \mathrm{E}\left(\mathrm{t}\right)}{\partial \mathrm{t}}\approx {\mathrm{c}}^2\frac{\partial \mathrm{M}\left(\mathrm{t}\right)}{\partial \mathrm{t}},\mathrm{t}>0$(1.2)

where ∂E(t)/∂t is the rate of increasing energy conversion, (- ∂M(t)/∂t) is the corresponding rate of mass reduction, c is the speed of light, and t > 0 represents a forward time-variable or equation that exists only in the positive time domain. In this we see that Eq. (1.2) is a time-dependent equation that exists in time t > 0, which represents a forward time variable thay only occurs after excitation at t = 0. Incidentally, this is the well-known causality constraint (i.e., t > 0) [4] imposed by our universe.

Since light velocity is dependent on permittivity and permeability (i.e., μ ε) within a medium that light travels, from this we see that light speed “cannot” be constant as normally assumed it is constant. But it is more important to tell us that without a medium (i.e., substance), the light wave cannot travel within an empty space. From this we see that space beyond our universe is “not empty” and it has a similar substance (i.e., μ ε); otherwise, our universe cannot be a “bounded” subspace [2,3] for which the boundary is limited by the speed of light. Since it was speculated that the boundary of our universe expands fasters [5], and as I see it, it must be the radial velocities of substances (i.e., subspaces) are linearly increasing as the boundary expands at the speed of light. In this we see that substances near the boundary moves faster, as we view the substances near the boundary of our universe. It is trivial that we will never be able to see that boundary of our universe since the boundary is expanding at the speed of light.

Nevertheless, one of the important aspects of Eq. (1.2) must be that energy and mass can be traded, for which the rate of energy conversion from a mass can be written in terms of electromagnetic (EM) radiation or radian energy as given by [6]:

$\frac{\partial \mathit{E}}{\partial \mathit{t}}=-{\mathit{c}}^2\frac{\partial \mathit{M}}{\partial \mathit{t}}=\left[\nabla \cdot \mathit{S}\left(\mathbf{\upsilon }\right)\right]=-\frac{\partial }{\partial \mathit{t}}\left[\frac{1}{2}{\epsilon }_0{\mathit{E}}^2\left(\mathbf{\upsilon }\right)+\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{o}{\mathit{H}}^2\left(\mathbf{\upsilon }\right)\right],\mathbf{t}>\mathbf{0}$(1.3)

where ε₀ and μ₀ are the permittivity and the permeability of the deep space, respectively; υ is the radian frequency variable; $E^2\left(\mathbf{\upsilon }\right)$ and $H^2\left(\mathbf{\upsilon }\right)$ are the respective electric and magnetic field intensities; the negative sign represents the outflow of energy per unit time from a unit volume; $\left(\nabla \cdot \right)$ is the divergent operator; and S is known as the Poynting vector or energy vector of an electromagnetic radiator as given by:

$S\left(\mathbf{\upsilon }\right)=E\left(\mathbf{\upsilon }\right)\times H\left(\mathbf{\upsilon }\right)$(1.4)

where E($\mathbf{\upsilon }$) and H ($\mathbf{\upsilon }$) are electric and magnetic field intensity, respectively; and x is the cross product. From this we see that Eq. (1.3) is a point-singularity approximated “time-dependent” equation; t > 0 denotes that equation is existed within the positive time domain or temporal (t > 0). From this we see that radian energy (i.e., radiation) diverges from a reducing mass, as mass annihilates with time. In other words Eq. (1.13), is not just a mathematical formula but it shows the transformation from a point-singularity approximation mass M to a three-dimensional space-time representation. For this we see that the boundary is continually expanding with time, where time is a forward-dependent variable with respect to the creating space. Since empty and non-empty space cannot coexist, our universe had to be created within a non-empty space, as depicted in Figure 1.1(a), instead of an empty space as normally assumed, in Figure 1.1(b) [7].

Figure 1.1 Shows a set of postulated big bang creation paradigms. Figure 1.1(a) shows a big bang creation started within a physically realizable temporal (t > 0) space, where time had have existed within the space well before the creation. Figure 1.1(b) shows a big bang creation started within a timeless (t = 0) empty space, which it is not a physically realizable paradigm but had have been commonly used.

In view of the big bang creation theory [7], I see that the big bang creation was started within a preexistent temporal (t > 0) space, as shown in Figure 1.1(a); otherwise, the creation cannot get started as had been hypothesized within a timeless (t = 0) space, as depicted in Figure 1.1(b). But it is not a physically realizable paradigm since non-emptiness cannot exist within an empty space, which is known as the temporal (t > 0) principle. Secondly, speed of radiation will be unlimited even though we ignored the physically realizable issue because empty space has no substance in it. As a matter of fact, empty space has no time and no space for which we see that empty space is virtual mathematical space that scientists had been using for centuries since the dawn of science [8].

Yet, within our universe, every matter is a substance, which includes all the fundamental particles, electric, magnetic, gravitation fields, and energy. The reason is that they were all created by means of energy or mass. The fact is that our physical...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Contents
• Preface
• Author
• Chapter 1 Nature of Temporal (t > 0) Space
• Chapter 2 Physical Science and Virtual Mathematics
• Chapter 3 Temporal (t > 0) Quantum Theory
• Chapter 4 From Hamiltonian to Temporal (t > 0) Mechanics
• Chapter 5 Nature of Relativity
• Chapter 6 Nature of Entropy: An Energy Degradation Principle
• Appendix A: Essence of Temporal (t > 0) Exclusive Principle (TEP)
• Appendix B: Aspects of Particle and Wave Dynamics
• Appendix C: What Temporal Space Does to Hypotheses?
• Appendix D: Nature of Hamiltonian
• Appendix E: Why Mathematical Physicists are so Wrong?
• Appendix F: Interpretation of Energy equation and Wave function
• Index