Despite the progress that Spain has made to extend equal rights to all its citizens, the fact remains that not all subjectsâparticularly women, immigrants , and members of the LGBTQ communityâpossess equal autonomy. The root of this problem can be found in the origins of urban design as tied to the administration of space. In Western societies, patriarchal spatiality has maintained its stability through the link between civic standing and gender in so much as oneâs citizenship status impacted oneâs right to the city. Dating to Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, author of De Architectura (30â20 BC) and father of architectural theory, urban planners conceived of themselves not simply as designers of public buildings, but as servants entrusted to create entire cities that would enable harmonious, systematic governance of space. 1 This authority shared links with biological sex and civic status because only male citizens were viewed as legitimate participants in events that occurred in legislative buildings, religious temples, and the market place. Even if the right to the city, since Roman times, attempted to serve the needs of all inhabitants, urban âplanningâ in the broad sense was linked to the knowledge and limited perspective of those who defined the urban subject as a heteronormative, male citizen. 2
To address the advances and challenges that subjects face in contemporary Spain , our volume Gender in Spanish Urban Spaces: Literary and Visual Narratives of the New Millennium examines cultural production since 2000. We analyze the different ways various subjects encounter and relate to one another, how they network and intermingle. Gender in Spanish Urban Spaces thus treads into new territory as we approach points of conversion among disciplinesâgender studies, urban studies, and Spanish Peninsular studiesâknowing that this figurative intersection has not been carefully designed by a planner but is organic, having emerged from more natural disciplinary processes over time. These areas of inquiry dialog with and inform the narrative landscape of millennial literature and visual texts.
Why Gender in Spanish Urban Spaces?
As editors, we took note of certain incongruences from the very inception of this project. While a small number of Peninsularists have published studies related to urban space, few scholars approach gender and urban space head on. A notable recent contribution to this area is Jill Robbinsâs Crossing through Chueca: Lesbian Literary Culture in Queer Madrid (2011). Robbinsâs study affirms that the sheer physical presence of LGBTQ community members in a geographic areaâMadridâs Chueca neighborhoodâdoes not give the individual members of that community de facto visibility, social equity, or authority. Of special interest to us as editors was Robbinsâs discussion of Chuecaâs territorial integration into Madrid. The author explores how this part of the city, part of the Justicia neighborhood, became incorporated into the nationâs capital as a result of wider Francoist political strategies meant to regulate the movements of potentially rebellious working-class citizens inhabiting the neighborhood. Ironically, this preemptive conservative tactic became a source of rupture once Franco died. In as much as artists and intellectuals sought to âresemanticizeâ the city, Robbins notes that the once peripheral Chueca became emblematic of the Movidaâs rebellious response and attitude toward necessarily heteronormative authority and standards. By drawing attention to queer Madrid, Robbins problematizes hegemonic notions of essentialist terms and focuses almost exclusively on lesbian identity and romantic relationships as portrayed in Chueca. While this goal evidences Robbinsâs incomparable pioneering spirit, the intent of our volume is to focus on gender and geography, keeping in mind a range of issues related to gender as understood to exist within a continuum.
In addition to Robbinsâs study, Ann Daviesâs Spanish Spaces: Landscape, Space, and Place in Contemporary Spanish Culture (2012), focuses on contemporary Spanish literary and cinematic narrativesâranging from a selection of novels by Gonzalo Torrente Ballester (1910â1999) to films by Guillermo del Toro (1966â) and Imanol Uribe (1950â)âto consider how subjects experience space, place, and landscape in an era of post-nationalism. Daviesâs research analyzes the themes of memory and forgetting, nationalism and terrorism, crime and detection, gender, and tourism and immigration. Although Davies bases her theoretical framework on theories about spaceâincluding Lefebvre and Massey, two of the theorists that inform this volumeâher focus on landscape studies distinguishes Spanish Spaces from our volume. Daviesâs chapter on GimĂ©nez Bartlettâs female detective series and IcĂar BollaĂnâs film Mataharis (2007) does examine gender, but our contributors extend their questioning further to study how both men and women, both heterosexual and homosexual, occupy urban space.
Another study that complements this book is Estrella Cibreiro and Francisca LĂłpezâs Global Issues in Contemporary Hispanic Womenâs Writings (2013), which focuses on Latin American and Spanish texts that explore gender, violence , the environment, and politics. The sections âWomen and the Environmentâ and âGlobal Politics from a Gendered Perspectiveâ situate their volume within an intellectual discourse that diverges from our concentration on gender and urban space in contemporary Spain. In comparison with our book, that volume has a broader scope and examines gender in a more diffused light to address lesser explored topics of womenâs writings about the environment and global politics. It is worth noting that Cibreiro and LĂłpezâs section âReshaping Gender by Rethinking Genreâ does examine gender; however, the topic of urban space is only indirectly addressed. Peninsularist scholars will appreciate that our contributors focus exclusively on Spain.
Of the most recent Peninsularist volumes, Ana CorbalĂĄn and Ellen Mayockâs volume Toward a Multicultural Configuration of Spain (2015) shares certain commonalities with our volume because a few of our contributors do examine immigration but to a lesser extent. CorbalĂĄn and Mayock categorize their volume by genre and focus on three main themes: literary representations of the local and the global; documentary films that explore migration, space, and tourism; and cinematic depictions of multicultural encounters. To distinguish Gender in Spanish Urban Spaces, we have chosen to focus on literary and filmic texts from 2000 to the present and, as a result, this volume contains studies on lesser known yet significant cultural productions that deserve critical attention. We are aware that two of the texts examined in our volumeânamely Alejandro GonzĂĄlez Iñårrituâs Biutiful (2010) and LucĂa EtxebarrĂaâs Cosmofobia (2007)âhave been widely studied, but our readers will find that Catherine B. Ross, in âDefining Motherâs Place in Barcelona : Women in Biutiful (2010),â and N. Michelle Murray, in âOn the Affective Politics of Cosmopolitanism: African Migration, LavapiĂ©s, and the Domestic Realm in LucĂa EtxebarrĂaâs Cosmofobia (2007),â insert their arguments among other studies on these cultural artifacts, and also examine motherhood and immigration from an innovative angle. It is our hope that Gender in Spanish Urban Spaces will not only engage in pre-existing dialogs but also foster new discussions on contemporary Spanish narrative and film.
Finally, it would be remiss of the editors not to recognize Ana CorbalĂĄn and Lorraine Ryanâs recent edited volume, The Dynamics of Masculinity in Contemporary Spanish Culture (2017), which serendipitously coincided with our volumeâs submission date. CorbalĂĄn and Ryanâs groundbreaking volume identifies the spectrum of masculinities found in contemporary Spanish cultural production. Their volume addresses ranges of masculinity, from hegemonic representations of manhood, with attendant ties to colonial conquest and nationalistic Francoism, to masculinities that bring into question definitions of what it means to be a âSpanishâ male subject when existent models of this type have so categorically turned a blind eye to individuals historically marginalized within Spainâs geographic borders, including immigrants as well as ethnic and religious minorities. We believe that the chapters in our volume which focus on masculinities complement those found in The Dynamics of Masculinity in Contemporary Spanish Culture. For example, our contributorsânamely AdriĂĄn Gras-VelĂĄzquez, Antoni Maestre-Brotons, and ...