The SAGE Encyclopedia of Research Design
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The SAGE Encyclopedia of Research Design

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eBook - ePub

The SAGE Encyclopedia of Research Design

About this book

The SAGE Encyclopedia of Research Design maps out how one makes decisions about research design, interprets data, and draws valid inferences, undertakes research projects in an ethical manner, and evaluates experimental design strategies and results. From A-to-Z, this four-volume work covers the spectrum of research design strategies and topics including, among other things: fundamental research design principles, ethics in the research process, quantitative versus qualitative and mixed-method designs, completely randomized designs, multiple comparison tests, diagnosing agreement between data and models, fundamental assumptions in analysis of variance, factorial treatment designs, complete and incomplete block designs, Latin square and related designs, hierarchical designs, response surface designs, split-plot designs, repeated measures designs, crossover designs, analysis of covariance, statistical software packages, and much more.

Research design, with its statistical underpinnings, can be especially daunting for students and novice researchers.  At its heart, research design might be described simply as a formalized approach toward problem solving, thinking, and acquiring knowledge, the success of which depends upon clearly defined objectives and appropriate choice of statistical design and analysis to meet those objectives. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Research Design will assist students and researchers with their work while providing vital information on research strategies.

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Information

Year
2022
Print ISBN
9781071812129
Edition
2
eBook ISBN
9781071812105

Table of contents

  1. Cover
  2. Half Title
  3. Editorial Board
  4. Title Page
  5. Copyright Page
  6. Contents
  7. About the Editors
  8. List of Contributors
  9. Introduction
  10. A
  11. A Priori Monte Carlo Simulation
  12. Abstract
  13. Accuracy in Parameter Estimation
  14. Action Research
  15. Adaptive Designs in Clinical Trials
  16. Adjusted F Test
  17. Adverse Event Reporting
  18. Akaike Information Criterion
  19. Alternating Treatments Design
  20. Alternative Hypotheses
  21. Alters
  22. American Educational Research Association
  23. American Psychological Association Style
  24. American Statistical Association
  25. Analysis of Covariance (Ancova)
  26. Analysis of Variance (Anova)
  27. Animal Research
  28. Anonymity
  29. Applied Research
  30. Aptitudes and Instructional Methods
  31. Aptitude-Treatment Interaction
  32. Argument-Based Approach to Validity
  33. Assent
  34. Association, Measures Of
  35. Auditing
  36. Autocorrelation
  37. B
  38. b Parameter
  39. Balanced Incomplete Block Designs
  40. Bar Chart
  41. Bartlett’s Test
  42. Barycentric Discriminant Analysis
  43. Basket Trials Design
  44. Bayes’s Theorem
  45. Bayesian Adaptive Randomization Design
  46. Bayesian Data Analysis
  47. Bayesian Information Criterion
  48. Bayesian Networks
  49. Behavior Analysis Design
  50. Behrens–Fisher t' Statistic
  51. Belmont Report
  52. Beneficence
  53. Bernoulli Distribution
  54. Beta
  55. Beta Distribution
  56. Between-Subjects Design
  57. Bias
  58. Biased Estimator
  59. Binomial Distribution
  60. Biological and Technical Replicates
  61. Bivariate Regression
  62. Block Design
  63. Blockmodeling
  64. Bonferroni Procedure
  65. Bootstrapping
  66. Box-And-Whisker Plot
  67. C
  68. C Parameter
  69. Canonical Correlation Analysis
  70. Case Study
  71. Case-Only Design
  72. Categorical Data Analysis
  73. Categorical Structural Equation Modeling
  74. Categorical Variable
  75. Categorizing Continuous Data
  76. Causal-Comparative Design
  77. Cause and Effect
  78. Ceiling Effect
  79. Central Limit Theorem
  80. Central Tendency, Measures of
  81. Centrality
  82. Changing Criterion Design
  83. Chi-Square Test
  84. Classical Test Theory
  85. Clinical Significance
  86. Clinical Trial
  87. Cluster Analysis
  88. Cluster Sampling
  89. Cochran–Armitage Test for Trend
  90. “Coefficient Alpha and The Internal Structure of Tests”
  91. Coefficient of Variation
  92. Coefficients of Alienation and Determination
  93. Coefficient of Concordance
  94. Cognitive Laboratory
  95. Cohen’s d Statistic
  96. Cohen’s f Statistic
  97. Cohen’s Kappa
  98. Cohort Design
  99. Collinearity
  100. Column Graph
  101. Comparison-Focused Sampling
  102. Completely Randomized Design
  103. Computerized Adaptive Testing
  104. Concomitant Variable
  105. Concurrent Validity
  106. Confidence Intervals
  107. Confidentiality
  108. Confirmatory Factor Analysis
  109. Confirmatory Research
  110. Confounding
  111. Congruence
  112. Connectivity
  113. Construct Validity
  114. Content Analysis
  115. Content Validity
  116. Contingency Table Analysis
  117. Contrast Analysis
  118. Control Group
  119. Control Variables
  120. Convenience Sampling
  121. “Convergent and Discriminant Validation by The Multitrait–Multimethod Matrix”
  122. Conversation Analysis
  123. Copula Functions
  124. Core-Periphery Structure
  125. Correction for Attenuation
  126. Correlation
  127. Correlation Coefficient
  128. Correspondence Analysis
  129. Correspondence Principle
  130. Covariate
  131. Criterion Problem
  132. Criterion Validity
  133. Criterion Variable
  134. Critical Case
  135. Critical Difference
  136. Critical Theory
  137. Critical Thinking
  138. Critical Value
  139. Cronbach’s Alpha
  140. Crossover Design
  141. Cross-Sectional Design
  142. Cross-Validation
  143. Cultural Competence
  144. Cumulative Frequency Distribution
  145. Cut Scores
  146. D
  147. Data and Safety Monitoring
  148. Data and Safety Monitoring Board
  149. Data Cleaning
  150. Data Mining
  151. Data Sharing Repositories
  152. Data Snooping
  153. Data Visualization
  154. Databases
  155. Debriefing
  156. Deception
  157. Decision Rule
  158. Declaration of Helsinki
  159. Degrees of Freedom
  160. Delphi Technique
  161. Demographics
  162. Dependent Variable
  163. Descriptive Discriminant Analysis
  164. Descriptive Statistics
  165. Diagnostic Classification Models
  166. Dichotomous Variable
  167. Differential Item Functioning
  168. Diffusion of Innovation Theory
  169. Directional Hypothesis
  170. Discourse Analysis
  171. Discussion Section
  172. Dissertation
  173. Distribution
  174. Disturbance Terms
  175. Doctrine of Chances, The
  176. Double-Blind Procedure
  177. Dummy Coding
  178. Duncan’s Multiple Range Test
  179. Dunnett’s Test
  180. E
  181. Ecological Validity
  182. Effect Coding
  183. Effect Size, Measures of
  184. Ego-Centric Networks
  185. Endogenous Variables
  186. Equivalence Hypothesis Testing
  187. Error
  188. Error Rates
  189. Estimation
  190. Eta-Squared
  191. Ethics in the Research Process
  192. Ethnography
  193. Evaluation Research Design
  194. Evidence-Based Decision Making
  195. Evidence-Centered Design
  196. Ex Post Facto Study
  197. Exclusion Criteria
  198. Exogenous Variables
  199. Expected Value
  200. Experience Sampling Method
  201. Experimental Design
  202. Experimenter Expectancy Effect
  203. Exploratory Data Analysis
  204. Exploratory Factor Analysis
  205. Exploratory Research
  206. Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling
  207. Exponential Random Graph Models
  208. External Validity
  209. F
  210. F test
  211. Face Validity
  212. Factor Loadings
  213. Factorial Design
  214. Factorial Invariance
  215. False Positive
  216. Falsifiability
  217. Field Notes
  218. Field Study
  219. File Drawer Problem
  220. Fisher’s Least Significant Difference Test
  221. Fixed-Effects Models
  222. Focus Group
  223. Follow-Up
  224. Forest Plot
  225. Frequency Distribution
  226. Frequency Table
  227. Friedman Test
  228. Funnel Plot
  229. G
  230. Gain Scores, Analysis of
  231. Game Theory
  232. Gauss–Markov Theorem
  233. General Linear Model
  234. Generalizability Theory
  235. Gibbs Sampler
  236. Good Clinical Research Practice
  237. Graph Theory
  238. Graphical Display of Data
  239. Greenhouse–Geisser Correction
  240. Grounded Theory
  241. Group-Sequential Designs in Clinical Trials
  242. Growth Curve
  243. Guessing Parameter
  244. Guttman Scaling
  245. H
  246. Hawthorne Effect
  247. Hedges’ g
  248. Heisenberg Effect
  249. Heterogeneity
  250. Hidden Markov Models
  251. Hierarchical Linear Modeling
  252. Histogram
  253. Holm’s Sequential Bonferroni Procedure
  254. Homogeneity of Variance
  255. Homoscedasticity
  256. Hosmer–Lemeshow Test
  257. Hypothesis
  258. I
  259. Inclusion Criteria
  260. Independent Variable
  261. Inference: Deductive and Inductive
  262. Influence Statistics
  263. Influential Data Points
  264. Informed Consent
  265. Instrumental Case Study
  266. Instrumentation
  267. Instrumentation as a Threat to Internal Validity
  268. Interaction
  269. Internal Consistency Reliability
  270. Internal Validity
  271. International Network for Social Network Analysis
  272. Internet-Based Research Methods
  273. Interrater Reliability
  274. Interval Recording
  275. Interval Scale
  276. Intervention
  277. Interviewing
  278. Intraclass Correlation
  279. Ipsative Data
  280. Item Analysis
  281. Item Response Theory
  282. Item-Test Correlation
  283. J
  284. Jackknife
  285. JASP
  286. John Henry Effect
  287. Justice and Social Science Research
  288. K
  289. Kolmogorov–Smirnov Test
  290. KR-20
  291. Krippendorff’s Alpha
  292. Kruskal–Wallis Test
  293. Kurtosis
  294. L
  295. L’AbbĂ© Plot
  296. Laboratory Experiments
  297. Last Observation Carried Forward
  298. Latent Change Scores
  299. Latent Class Analysis
  300. Latent Growth Modeling
  301. Latent Profile Analysis
  302. Latent Variable
  303. Latin Square Design
  304. Law of Large Numbers
  305. Least Squares, Methods of
  306. Levels of Measurement
  307. Likelihood Principle
  308. Likelihood Ratio Statistic
  309. Likert Scaling
  310. Line Graph
  311. LISREL
  312. Literature Review
  313. Logic of Scientific Discovery, The
  314. Logistic Regression
  315. Loglinear Models
  316. Longitudinal Design
  317. M
  318. Machine Learning
  319. Main Effects
  320. Mann–Whitney U Test
  321. Margin of Error
  322. Markov Chains
  323. Masking
  324. Matching
  325. Matrix Algebra
  326. Mauchly Test
  327. Maximum Likelihood Estimation
  328. Mbess
  329. McDonald’s Omega Hierarchical
  330. McNemar’s Test
  331. MCP-Mod
  332. Mean
  333. Mean Comparisons
  334. Measurement Invariance
  335. Median
  336. Member Checks
  337. Memos
  338. Meta-Analysis
  339. “Meta-Analysis of Psychotherapy Outcome Studies”
  340. Method Variance
  341. Methods Section
  342. Missing Data, Imputation of
  343. Mixed- and Random-Effects Models
  344. Mixed Methods Design
  345. Mixed Model Design
  346. Mixture Models
  347. Mode
  348. Model Fit
  349. Models
  350. Monte Carlo Simulation
  351. Mortality
  352. Mplus
  353. Multidimensional Scaling
  354. Multilevel Modeling
  355. Multiple Baseline Single-Case Experimental Design
  356. Multiple Case Study
  357. Multiple Comparison Tests
  358. Multiple Comparison Procedures With Modeling Techniques
  359. Multiple Group Structural Equation Modeling
  360. Multiple Regression
  361. Multiple Treatment Interference
  362. Multiplicity Problem
  363. Multisite Research Studies
  364. Multitrait–Multimethod Matrix
  365. Multivalued Treatment Effects
  366. Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA)
  367. Multivariate Normal Distribution
  368. N
  369. Name Generator
  370. Narrative Research
  371. National Council on Measurement in Education
  372. Natural Experiments
  373. Naturalistic Inquiry
  374. Naturalistic Observation
  375. Negative Hypergeometric Distribution
  376. Nested Factor Design
  377. Nested Sampling
  378. Network Analysis
  379. Network Boundaries
  380. Network Composition
  381. Network Density
  382. Network Distance
  383. Network Matrices
  384. Network Meta-Analysis
  385. Network Sampling
  386. Network Size
  387. Network Structure
  388. Network Visualization
  389. Neural Networks
  390. Newman–Keuls Test and Tukey Test
  391. Node, Relationship, and Network Attributes
  392. Nodes and Relationships
  393. Nominal Scale
  394. Nomograms
  395. Nonclassical Experimenter Effects
  396. Nondirectional Hypotheses
  397. Nonexperimental Designs
  398. Nonparametric Statistics
  399. Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences
  400. Nonprobability Sampling
  401. Nonsignificance
  402. Normal Distribution
  403. Normality Assumption
  404. Normalizing Data
  405. Nuisance Parameters
  406. Nuisance Variable
  407. Null Hypothesis
  408. Nuremberg Code
  409. NVivo
  410. O
  411. Observational Research
  412. Observations
  413. Occam’s Razor
  414. Odds
  415. Odds Ratio
  416. Ogive
  417. Omega Squared
  418. Omnibus Tests
  419. “On the Theory of Scales of Measurement”
  420. One-Mode Data
  421. One-Tailed Test
  422. Operationalizing
  423. Order Effects
  424. Ordinal Scale
  425. Orthogonal Comparisons
  426. Outlier
  427. Overfitting
  428. P
  429. P Value
  430. Pairwise Comparisons
  431. Panel Design
  432. Paradigm
  433. Parallel Forms Reliability
  434. Parameters
  435. Parametric Statistics
  436. Partial Correlation
  437. Partial Eta-Squared
  438. Partial Factorial Invariance
  439. Partial Measurement Invariance
  440. Partially Randomized Preference Trial Design
  441. Participants
  442. Path Analysis
  443. Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient
  444. Peer Effects
  445. Percentile Rank
  446. Pie Chart
  447. Pilot Study
  448. Placebo
  449. Placebo Effect
  450. Poisson Distribution
  451. Polychoric Correlation Coefficient
  452. Polynomials
  453. Pooled Variance
  454. Population
  455. Positivism
  456. Post Hoc Analysis
  457. Post Hoc Comparisons
  458. Posterior Distribution
  459. Postmodernism
  460. Power
  461. Power Analysis
  462. Pragmatic Study
  463. Precision
  464. Predictive Discriminant Analysis
  465. Predictive Validity
  466. Predictor Variable
  467. Pre-Experimental Designs
  468. Pretest Sensitization
  469. Pretest–Posttest Design
  470. Primary Data Source
  471. Principal Components Analysis
  472. Probabilistic Models for Some Intelligence and Attainment Tests
  473. Probability Sampling
  474. Probability, Laws of
  475. “Probable Error of a Mean, The”
  476. Propensity Score Analysis
  477. Propensity Score Matching
  478. Proportional Sampling
  479. Proposal
  480. Prospective Study
  481. Protocol
  482. “Psychometric Experiments”
  483. Psychometrics
  484. Purpose Statement
  485. Q
  486. Q Methodology
  487. Q-Statistic
  488. Quadratic Assignment Procedure
  489. Qualitative Data Analysis Software
  490. Qualitative Research
  491. Quality Effects Model
  492. Quantitative Research
  493. Quasi-Experimental Design
  494. Quetelet’s Index
  495. Quota Sampling
  496. R
  497. R
  498. R2
  499. Radial Plot
  500. Random Assignment
  501. Random Error
  502. Random Sampling
  503. Random Selection
  504. Random Variable
  505. Random-Effects Models
  506. Randomization Tests
  507. Randomized Block Design
  508. Range
  509. Rating
  510. Ratio Scale
  511. Raw Scores
  512. Reachability
  513. Reactive Arrangements
  514. Reciprocity
  515. Recruitment
  516. Regression Artifacts
  517. Regression Coefficient
  518. Regression Discontinuity
  519. Regression to the Mean
  520. Relative Measures of Dispersion
  521. Reliability
  522. Repeated Measures Design
  523. Replication
  524. Research
  525. Research Design Principles
  526. Research Hypothesis
  527. Research Question
  528. Residual Plot
  529. Residuals
  530. Respect for Persons
  531. Response Bias
  532. Response Surface Design
  533. Restriction of Range
  534. Results Section
  535. Retrospective Study
  536. Risk in Human Subjects Research
  537. Robust
  538. Robust Maximum Likelihood
  539. Root Mean Square Error
  540. Rosenthal Effect
  541. Rubrics
  542. S
  543. Salami Slicing
  544. Sample
  545. Sample Size
  546. Sample Size Planning
  547. Sampling
  548. Sampling Distributions
  549. Sampling Error
  550. SAS
  551. Saturation
  552. Scatterplot
  553. Scheffé Test
  554. Scientific Method
  555. Secondary Data Source
  556. Selection Bias
  557. Semi-Interquartile Range
  558. Semipartial Correlation Coefficient
  559. Semi-Structured Interview
  560. Sensitivity
  561. Sensitivity Analysis
  562. Sequence Effects
  563. Sequential Analysis
  564. Sequential Design
  565. Sequential Sampling
  566. “Sequential Tests of Statistical Hypotheses”
  567. Serial Correlation
  568. Shrinkage
  569. Sign Test
  570. Significance Level, Concept of
  571. Significance Level, Interpretation and Construction
  572. Significance, Statistical
  573. Simple Main Effects
  574. Simpson’s Paradox
  575. Single-Blind Study
  576. Single-Case Research Design
  577. Social Capital Theory
  578. Social Desirability
  579. Social Network Analysis
  580. Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications
  581. Social Network Analysis Software Packages
  582. Social Support Theory
  583. Sociograms
  584. Sociometric Tests
  585. Software, Free
  586. Spaghetti Plot
  587. Spearman Rank Order Correlation
  588. Spearman–Brown Prophecy Formula
  589. Specificity
  590. Sphericity
  591. SPIRIT 2013 Statement
  592. Split-Half Reliability
  593. Split-Plot Factorial Design
  594. SPSS
  595. Standard Deviation
  596. Standard Error of Estimate
  597. Standard Error of Measurement
  598. Standard Error of the Mean
  599. Standardization
  600. Standardized Score
  601. Statistic
  602. Statistica
  603. Statistical Control
  604. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
  605. Stepped-Wedge Design
  606. Stepwise Model Selection
  607. Stepwise Regression
  608. Stochastic Processes
  609. Stratified Sampling
  610. “Strength of Weak Ties, The”
  611. Structural Equation Modeling
  612. Structural Equivalence
  613. “Structural Equivalence of Individuals in Social Networks”
  614. Structural Holes
  615. Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition
  616. Structural Paradigm
  617. Student’s t Test
  618. Sums of Squares
  619. Survey
  620. Survey Sampling
  621. Survival Analysis
  622. SYSTAT
  623. Systematic Error
  624. Systematic Sampling
  625. T
  626. t Test, Independent Samples
  627. t Test, One Sample
  628. t Test, Paired Samples
  629. Tau Equivalence
  630. “Technique for the Measurement of Attitudes, A”
  631. Teoria Statistica Delle Classi e Calcolo Delle ProbabilitĂ 
  632. Test
  633. Test–Retest Reliability
  634. Then-Test
  635. Theoretical Sampling
  636. Theory
  637. Theory of Attitude Measurement
  638. Think-Aloud Methods
  639. Thought Experiments
  640. Threats to Validity
  641. Thurstone Scaling
  642. Time-Lag Study
  643. Time-Series Study
  644. Toulmin Method
  645. Transparency
  646. Treatments
  647. Trend Analysis
  648. Triangulation
  649. Trimmed Mean
  650. Triple-Blind Study
  651. True Experimental Design
  652. True Positive
  653. True Score
  654. Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference
  655. Two-Mode Data
  656. Two-Tailed Test
  657. Type I Error
  658. Type II Error
  659. Type III Error
  660. U
  661. Umbrella Trials Design
  662. Unbiased Estimator
  663. Underrepresented Groups
  664. Unit of Analysis
  665. U-Shaped Curve
  666. V
  667. “Validity”
  668. Validity of Measurement
  669. Validity of Research Conclusions
  670. Variability, Measure of
  671. Variable
  672. Variance
  673. Visual Analysis in Single-Subject Designs
  674. Visual Display of Quantitative Information
  675. Volunteer Bias
  676. W
  677. Wave
  678. Weber–Fechner Law
  679. Weibull Distribution
  680. Weights
  681. Welch’s t Test
  682. Wennberg Design
  683. White Noise
  684. Whole Networks
  685. Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test
  686. WINPEPI
  687. Winsorize
  688. Within-Subjects Design
  689. Y
  690. Yates’s Correction
  691. Yates’s Notation
  692. Yoked Control Procedure
  693. Z
  694. z Distribution
  695. z Score
  696. z Test
  697. Zelen’s Randomized Consent Design
  698. Appendix: Chronology
  699. Index

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