- 224 pages
- English
- ePUB (mobile friendly)
- Available on iOS & Android
About This Book
War and Shadows is a fascinating book packed with vibrant stories and lucid exploration of their significance. Mai Lan Gustafsson's account of spirit possession in Vietnam is both nuanced and sympathetic. ? Ann Marie Leshkowich, College of the Holy Cross
Vietnamese culture and religious traditions place the utmost importance on dying well: in old age, body unblemished, with surviving children, and properly buried and mourned. More than five million people were killed in the Vietnam War, many of them young, many of them dying far from home. Another 300, 000 are still missing. Having died badly, they are thought to have become angry ghosts, doomed to spend eternity in a kind of spirit hell. Decades after the war ended, many survivors believe that the spirits of those dead and missing have returned to haunt their loved ones. In War and Shadows, the anthropologist Mai Lan Gustafsson tells the story of the anger of these spirits and the torments of their kin.
Gustafsson's rich ethnographic research allows her to bring readers into the world of spirit possession, focusing on the source of the pain, the physical and mental anguish the spirits bring, and various attempts to ameliorate their anger through ritual offerings and the intervention of mediums. Through a series of personal life histories, she chronicles the variety of ailments brought about by the spirits' wrath, from headaches and aching limbs (often the same limb lost by a loved one in battle) to self-mutilation. In Gustafsson's view, the Communist suppression of spirit-based religion after the fall of Saigon has intensified anxieties about the well-being of the spirit world. While shrines and mourning are still allowed, spirit mediums were outlawed and driven underground, along with many of the other practices that might have provided some comfort. Despite these restrictions, she finds, victims of these hauntings do as much as possible to try to lay their ghosts to rest.
Frequently asked questions
Information
The Problem
Trouble with Spirits
- An experience of unpredictable, uncontrollable, unwanted, and sudden takeover of the subject by a generally malevolent entity: âHe comes,â said Nguyen Thi Bich My about her possessing spirit, âand makes me do things. I am still here, but I have no power over myself.â Pham Quang Khinh was aware of his actions while possessed but âcannot stop, cannot change, cannot help myselfâ until the invading spiritâhis brotherâsâleaves him of its own accord.
- The observers and the subject believe that the entity is the devil, a demon, a spirit, or a person: All but three of my informants believed that they were possessed or made ill by the spirits of dead relatives, friends, comrades, and neighbors. The other three were victims of evil forces or ghouls who are thought to attack any and all unlucky enough to cross their paths.
- The entity speaks and acts through the subject who may exhibit changed affects: Nguyen Lien Anh, a fifteen-year-old forced to abandon school because of the unruly behavior he exhibits while in possession, felt enormous shame that his invading spirit caused him to âshout at Mother with very bad language.â
- The entity speaks of itself in the first person and of the subject in the third: Tran Van Dien, in response to his wifeâs inquiry as to what was bothering him, replied: âHusband, hah? He is under my foot, old wife. Lift me from the dirt and I will lift my foot.â
- The possession may be preceded by a brief period of perceptual changes in the subject such as a sensation of darkness or constriction: Many informants mentioned being able to tell when the possession was about to start, for they would experience physical sensations like shortness of breath, a ringing in their ears, paralysis, dim vision, heightened hearing, and/or feelings of fright. âI know it is coming when I can hear what the people on the street are sayingâvery clearly. Then I know it is about to come,â said Nguyen Cong Rong.
- During the possession, one or more of the following behaviors are observed:
- a level of awareness ranging from conscious to unconscious: Do Thi Lieu said, âI am awake and asleep at the same time. I can see and hear, but I cannot speak and I cannot control what I do.â According to Doan Van Ty, âYou know that when it happens it is as if you are dead but your mind is still alive. Very strange.â
- falling or losing voluntary motor control, or manifesting violent, assaultive behavior: Many informants reported falling during episodes of possession or spirit sickness, or having difficulty with balance. Nguyen Thi Mai, normally the loving mother of three toddlers, would beat the boys with the handle of a feather duster when âUncle is angry that he is dead.â
- unusual speech: Sam, an American, let loose expletive-filled tirades in fluent Vietnamese during his possessions. Many other informants reported speaking in ways they normally did not, such as Ms. Dungâs lowbrow manner of speech during an attack, or the highly formal language with many Chinese words used by Mr. Lam while possessed. All the informants who experienced this âspeaking in tonguesâ or glossolalia said or assumed it was the language and style of speech used by their afflicting spirits when they were alive.15
- inability to hold eyes open: Only Ms. Thuy reported being unable to keep her eyes open during an attack. Conversely, Mr. Trung claimed to have stopped blinking since his spirit sickness beganââMy nephew wants to see everything.â
- physical movement perceived as automatic or not controlled by subject: Hien said, âI was walking, walking, walking. Where, I donât know.â And Net related, âWhenever I pass the place where Father is buried, I crouch and dig with my hands.â
- hallucinations, auditory and/or visual: These were very common among my informants, ranging from hearing shrieking voices or sounds of bells and wind and water to visions of the dead and their moments of death.
- unusual physiological phenomena such as feats of balance, no pain or burning: Be, regarding his skin problems, said, âThe arms here, they burn worse than if I held a cigarette to my skin.â Said Vi, âWhen he is with me,16 I often tear my skin here and here with my nails.17 There is blood, yes, but no pain. Never.â
- unpremeditated behavioral actions totally out of character for the person: Behaviors not in keeping with the typical character of my informants were varied but uniformly destructive. For example, Bui Van Xuong, a gentle man in his eighties, smashed the beehives and honeycombs kept by his great-grandchildren. Seventeen-year-old Nguyen Duc Thanh succumbed to the will of the angry spirits of his father and grandfather and took a pipe to his sisterâs belongings.
- Following the possession, partial or complete amnesia, changes disappear, and/or a sensation of calm or an absence of usual thoughts lasting a few hours to several days: Tam said that âmy wife tells me after it is overâI remember nothing. I see at times that Iâve made the house untidy, but I do not recall it.â For Huong, âAfter I dream of Chat, the mood stays with me for a long time. I can only think of the dream.â While Trinh, mother of Phan Van Si, a possessed child, reported, âIf he has had a bad night, he is very obedient and calm for a few days after that.â
- No evidence or presumption of an organic factor initiating the possession: Most of my informants sought medical treatment for their health problems when they first began, but doctors found no treatable cause. In many cases, my informants suspected spirits from the start but opted to consult doctors. âIt is a much easier matter,â said Mr. Hai, âif the spirits are not involvedâeasier to get better.â Some people suffered from physical maladies that they treated with various prescriptions and remedies and distinguished as very separate and different from those they attributed to spirits.
- The possession is not regarded as a normal aspect of the culture or religion in the society: The anthropological literature on spirit possession breaks the phenomenon down into two types: the unsolicited/negative/undesired kind, and the kind that is solicited/positive/desired.18 Clearly, the people in my study suffered from the first type of spirit possession. They were victims, in contrast to specialists like mediums who willingly experience possession in order to helpâamong othersâthose who suffer spirit attacks. Victims of spirit possession in Vietnam experience an abnormal event that is physically painful and/or deeply disruptive.
- The possession results in social or occupational disruption, and/or personal distress: For all informants, spirit sickness was a source of worry, unhappiness, as well as mental and/or physiological pain. At the very least, their health problems reduced their quality of life, such as by creating friction with family members, destroying their ability to concentrate, and making simple tasks more difficult. âHappiness goes when they come,â said Chung Thi Ba about the nephew and two nieces haunting her. At worst, people were forced to abandon their work or school and, in some extreme cases, their families. Nguyen Huu Roâs violent behavior forced his wife to flee from their home with the children. Demure Ms. Hong, a widow on the verge of marrying an old school friend, felt compelled to break off the engagement when her husbandâs spirit led her to verbally abuse the fiancĂ©âs family.
- The possession does not stem from a psychosis and is not due to a substance-induced disorder: None of my informants appeared to be psychotic or on drugs. They were young children and the elderly and every age in between; some had been plagued by spirits for years; they were men and womenâin short, there was nothing connecting this diverse bunch of people aside from their assertion that angry ghosts were respons...
Table of contents
- Preface
- 1. The Problem
- 2. Foundations
- 3. Revelations
- 4. The Living and the Dead
- 5. Afterlives
- 6. Problem Solving
- 7. âSuperstitionâ in a Secular State
- 8. Revivals
- 9. Conclusion
- Epilogue
- Appendix 1. Table of Suffering
- Appendix 2. Chronology of the War
- Notes
- References