Notes
INTRODUCTION
Jan M. Ziolkowski
1. For publications with the Spanish title, see Miguel AsĂn Palacios, Dante y el Islam, ColecciĂłn de manuales Hispania, serie B:1 (Madrid: Editorial Voluntad, 1927); and Ricardo Horacio ShamsuddĂn ElĂa, Dante y el islam: El pensamiento musulmĂĄn en la Europa del siglo XIV (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Ediciones Mezquita At-Tauhid, 1998). With the Italian title, see Giuseppe Gabrieli, Dante e lâIslam: Contro la memoria di Mig. Asin interno alla Escatalogia musulmana nella Divina Commedia (Varallo Sesia: Unione tipografica valsesiana, 1921); Enrico Cerulli, âDante e lâIslam,â published in similar forms in Convegno di scienze morali, storiche e filologiche, 27 maggioâ10 giugno 1956. Tema: Oriente ed Occidente nel Medio Evo (Rome: Accademia nazionale dei Lincei, 1957), 275â94, and Al-Andalus 21 (1956): 229â53; Peter Russell, Dante e lâIslam (Terranuova Bracciolini: Biblioteca comunale, Assessorato alla cultura, 1991); Peter Russell, âDante e lâIslam: Una introduzione generale,â âDante e lâIslam oggi,â and âAssunzione celeste: Quarta conferenza su Dante e lâIslam,â in Poetic Asides, 2 vols., Salzburg Studies in English Literature: Poetic Drama & Poetic Theory 77:3, Outsiders 5â6 (Salzburg: Institut fĂŒr Anglistik und Amerikanistik, UniversitĂ€t Salzburg, 1992â1993), 2:5â23, 24â33, and 34â51, respectively. Miguel AsĂn Palacios, Dante e lâIslam, trans. Roberto Rossi Testa e Younis Tawfik, introduction by Carlo Ossola, 2 vols., Nuovi saggi 94 (Parma: Pratiche 1994; repr., Milan: NET, 2005); and Karla Mallette, âDante e lâIslam: sul canto III del Purgatorio,â Rivista di storia e letteratura religiosa 41 (2005): 39â62. With the French title, see Werner Söderhjelm, âDante et lâIslam,â Neuphilologische Mitteilungen (1921); and Giorgio Levi della Vida, âDante et lâIslam: dâapreâs de nouveaux documents,â Revue de la MĂ©diterranĂ©e no. 60 (1954). With the English title, see Thomas Walker Arnold, âDante and Islamâ (review of AsĂn Palacios), Contemporary Review (August 1921); and Fuat Sezgin, ed. Dante and Islam: Texts and Studies, Publications of the Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University: Islamic philosophy 119 (Frankfurt am Main: Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science, 2000).
2. If there is need to demonstrate that the Commedia passes muster as a summa, consider the title of Dante, Summa medievalis: Proceedings of the Symposium of the Center for Italian Studies, SUNY Stony Brook, ed. Charles Franco and Leslie Morgan, Filibrary 9 (Stony Brook, N.Y.: Forum Italicum, 1995). On Dante as a Catholic author, see J.F. Makepeace, âThe Dante Sexcentenary,â New Blackfriars 2, no. 14 (1921): 92: âFor Dante was, first and foremost, a Catholic and regarded everything from a Catholic standpoint.â
3. Paul A. Cantor, âThe Uncanonical Dante: The Divine Comedy and Islamic Philosophy,â Philosophy and Literature 20, no. 1 (1996): 138â53.
4. Teodolinda Barolini, The Undivine Comedy: Detheologizing Dante (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1992), 6 (on the Dominicans, especially Guido Vernani) and 267â68 n. 9 (cited by Cantor). For a fuller exploration of the topic, see James Miller, editor, Dante and the Unorthodox: The Aesthetics of Transgression (Waterloo, Ont.: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2005).
5. The incident has been discussed by Jeffrey Einboden, âVoicing an Islamic Dante: The Problem of Translating the Commedia into Arabic,â Neophilologus 92 (2008): 77. For original reporting, see for example Philip Willan, âAl-Qaida Plot to Blow Up Bologna Church Fresco,â in The Guardian (London), June 24, 2002, Guardian Foreign Pages, 13.
6. Richard Owen, âMuslims Say Fresco Must Be Destroyed,â The Times (London), June 9, 2001, Overseas News.
7. The term âclash of civilizationâ owes its vogue to an article that appeared first in 1993, the title of which had lost its concluding interrogative and had been transformed into a slogan for future political conduct by the time the book by the same author was published in 1996: Samuel P. Huntington, âThe Clash of Civilizations?â Foreign Affairs 72, no. 3 (Summer 1993): 22â49; and Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996). The âpushbackâ both from within Near Eastern studies and from those allied with the theory of Orientalism was strong. For two instances, see Roy P. Mottahedeh, âThe Clash of Civilizations: An Islamicistâs Critique,â Harvard Middle Eastern and Islamic Review 2, no. 2 (1996): 1â26; and Edward W. Said, âThe Clash of Ignorance,â The Nation 273, no. 12 (October 22, 2001): 11â13.
8. A classic tallying of debts to Islam is The Legacy of Islam, ed. Joseph Schacht, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1974). Specifically focused upon the Middle Ages are Norman Daniel, The Arabs and Mediaeval Europe (London: Longman, 1975); Norman Daniel, Islam and the West: The Making of an Image (Edinburgh: University Press, 1960); and W. Montgomery Watt, The Influence of Islam on Medieval Europe (Edinburgh: University Press, 1972).
9. Gregory B. Stone, Danteâs Pluralism and the Islamic Philosophy of Religion (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), 54. Stone has contributed to this issue an essay entitled âDante and the Falasifa: Religion as Imagination.â
10. By referring to pluralism, I draw attention once again to Stone, Danteâs Pluralism, but I hasten to point out that he does not use the term convivencia in his book. Nor does MarĂa Rosa Menocal, the most prominent exponent in the Anglophone world of the idea that Dante was heavily influenced by Arabic culture, in her earliest major treatment of Dante, although she does emphasize medieval connections between al-Andalus and Italy. See The Arabic Role in Medieval Literary History: A Forgotten Heritage (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1987), esp. 115â35.
11. Jonathan Ray, âBeyond Tolerance and Persecution: Reassessing our Approach to Medieval Convivencia,â Jewish Social Studies 11, no. 2 (Winter 2005): 1â18.
12. For examples, see David L. Lewis, Godâs Crucible: Islam and the Making of Europe, 570 to 1215 (New York: W.W. Norton, 2008); Chris Lowney, A Vanished World: Medieval Spainâs Golden Age of Enlightenment (New York: Free Press, 2005); Vivian B. Mann, Thomas F. Glick, and Jerrilynn D. Dodds, eds., Convivencia: Jews, Muslims, and Christians in Medieval Spain (New York: G. Braziller in association with the Jewish Museum, 1992); MarĂa Rosa Menocal, The Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews, and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain (Boston: Little, Brown, 2002); and Lucy K. Pick, Conflict and Coexistence: Archbishop Rodrigo and the Muslims and Jews in Medieval Spain (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 2004).
13. For a broad consideration of the Arab contribution to Italian culture in the Middle Ages, see Francesco Gabrieli and Umberto Scerrato, Li Arabi in Italia: Cultura, contatti e tradizioni (Milan: Garzanti/Scheiwiller, 1979). With particular attention to literary history, see Karla Mallette, The Kingdom of Sicily, 1100â1250: A Literary History (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005).
14. (New York: Pantheon Books, 1978), 70. Saidâs views on Dante have been critiqued in two essays (the interrelationship of which resists easy disentanglement) by Kathleen Biddick, âComing Out of Exile: Dante on the Orient(alism) Express,â The American Historical Review, 105 (2000): 1234â49, and âComing Out of Exile: Dante on the Orient Express,â in The Postcolonial Middle Ages, ed. Jeffrey Jerome Cohen (New York: St. Martinâs Press, 2000), 35â52; as well as by Elizabeth A. Coggeshall, âDante, Islam, and Edward Said,â Telos 139 (Summer 2007): 133â51. They are also discussed in the present volume by Maria Esposito Frank, âDanteâs Muáž„ammad.â
15. See (though without any particular reference to medieval studies) Occidentalism: Images of the West, ed. James G. Carrier (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995).
16. For convivencia, see AmĂ©rico Castro, España en su historia: Cristianos, moros y judĂos (Buenos Aires: Editorial Losada, 1948), 198â202. On recent turns in the application of the term, see Jonathan Ray, âBeyond Tolerance and Persecution: Reassessing our Approach to Medieval Convivencia,â Jewish Social Studies 11, no. 2 (Winter 2005): 1â18. For Orientalism, the earliest citation in any sense in the Oxford English Dictionary is dated to 1769.
17. On the place of the Orient in Danteâs geography, see Brenda Deen Schildgen, Dante and the Orient (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2002), 19â44.
18. MarĂa Rosa Menocal, The Arabic Role, 127, 130.
19. See Alessandro Niccoli, âSaracino,â Enciclopedia dantesca, 5:30â31.
20. On the chansons de geste, see C. Meredith Jones, âThe Conventional Saracen of the Songs of Geste,â Speculum 17 (1942): 204â6. In Dante, see Convivio 2.8...