Understanding Michael Chabon

Joseph Dewey

• Publisher: University of South Carolina Press
• Year: 2014
• ISBN:
  9781611173406
• Topic: Literatura
• Subtopic: Crítica literaria norteamericana

An exploration of Chabon's career-long fascination with the consolations—and dangers—of the imagination

Pulitzer Prize-winning author Michael Chabon has emerged as one of the most daring writers of American fiction in the post-Pynchon era. Joseph Dewey examines how Chabon's narratives have sought to bring together the defining elements of the two principal expressions of the American narrative that his generation inherited: the formal extravagances of postmodernism and the compelling storytelling of psychological realism.

Like the audacious, self-conscious excesses of Pynchon and his postmodern disciples, Dewey argues, Chabon's fictions are extravagant, often ironic, experiments into form animated by dense verbal and linguistic energy. As with the probing texts of psychological realism by Updike and his faithful, Chabon's fictions center on keenly drawn, recognizable characters caught up in familiar, heartbreaking dilemmas; enthralling storylines compelled by suspense, enriched with suggestive symbols; and humane themes about love and death, work and family, and sexuality and religion.

Evolving over three decades, this hybrid fiction has made Chabon not only one of the most widely read composers of serious fiction of his guild but one of the most critically respected writers as well, thus positioning Chabon as a representative voice of the generation. Dewey's study, the first to examine the full breadth of Chabon's fiction from his landmark debut novel, The Mysteries of Pittsburgh, to his controversial 2012 best seller, Telegraph Avenue, places Chabon's fictional sensibility, for all its hipness, within what has been the defining theme of American literature since the provocative romances of Hawthorne and Melville: the anxious tension between escape and engagement; between the sweet, centripetal pull of the redemptive imagination as a splendid, if imperfect, engine of retreat and the harsh, centrifugal pull of real life itself, recklessly deformed by the crude handiwork of surprise and chance and unable to coax even the simplest appearance of logic.

CHAPTER 1

Understanding Michael Chabon

The imagination is the expression of a yearning that a few magic words and an artful hand might produce something—one poor, dumb, powerful thing—exempt from the crushing strictures, from the ills, cruelties and inevitable failures of the greater Creation.

Michael Chabon, Kavalier & Clay, p. 582

Nightly, under a tented blanket, a twelve-year-old Michael Chabon pored over a heavily creased map—one of those brightly colored cartoon souvenir maps that Disney distributes to its Orlando visitors to help them navigate the often baffling walkways of its magical kingdoms. Michael had brought the map back to his Maryland home from what would turn out to be his family’s last vacation together, an excursion to the newly opened Magic Kingdom in Walt Disney World. Even as his parents’ marriage did its torturously slow-motion crash and burn into the apparently irrevocable sundering of divorce, the boy would be sustained by plotting an imaginary escape into a furtive magic kingdom of his own devising, an elaborate underground world of passageways latticed beneath Disney’s massive theme park. “I figured I could sleep during the daytime, in some forgotten garret of Cinderella’s Castle [sic] or in the tangled and artificial wilderness of Tom Sawyer’s Island, emerging at night to melt into the crowd, picking pockets and rifling handbags left unattended, feasting endlessly on frozen bananas and French fries.” As young Michael conceived it, that subterranean refuge could shelter other desperate children “hidden in the corners and stairwells and leafy shadows of Disney World”; children similarly blindsided by the unexpected; despite their tender years, children already nostalgic; children who had learned that the best times had somehow already passed and who now needed a refuge safe from the “grim-faced men . . . who carried walkie-talkies and did not wear name tags” (“Disney of the Mind”). The critical element of this adolescent fantasy would surely be familiar to readers of the bittersweet fictions of the grown-up Michael Chabon: the anxious tension between escape and engagement, between the sweet, centripetal pull of the imagination and the harsh, centrifugal pull of real life.

Since the publication of his first novel in 1988, Michael Chabon has moved to the forefront of the post-Pynchon era, writers born after 1960—among them Jennifer Egan, Nathan Englander, Jeffrey Eugenides, Jonathan Safran Foer, Jonathan Franzen, Rick Moody, Richard Powers, Elizabeth Strout—who are in many ways the first generation of American writers produced almost entirely by universities, specifically by creative writing programs. As fledgling writers in university classrooms, they traded the easy charm of reading books and the coaxing pull of story and character for the intellectual rigors of analyzing texts. They studied dense avant-garde postmodern theories about narrative de/reconstruction, fashionable theories that questioned the very legitimacy of language and the viability of the reading act they had each loved since childhood. But these writers, call them post-postmodernists, alarmed by the dead-end implications of de/reconstructing books into language experiments, sought to restore narrative to a balance, producing serious fictions that maintain the intellectual reach of formal experimentation, certainly, but reclaim as well the inviting imperative of storytelling. Their narratives perceive the reader not as a shadowy antagonist in some elaborate chess match but as a friend, indeed a necessary element of the storytelling dynamic. As Chabon pointed out to me in a 2012 email exchange, “I want my sentences to climb high, dive deep . . . but I will always put my hand out to the reader, to say, ‘Come with me’—not because I want to be pursued or shadowed but because I sincerely want the company. Literature to me—pre-and post-Pynchon—is a partnership between reader and writer, a game played by equals, not to ensure one’s victory and the other’s corresponding loss but simply and purely for the pleasure to be had therein.”

In short, these post-postmodern writers, most prominent among them Chabon, deliberately brought together the defining elements of the two principal expressions of the American narrative at mid-century: the formal extravagances of the postmodern era and the compelling consolations of old school storytelling. Like the postmodern excesses and self-conscious audacities of Pynchon and his disciples, Chabon’s fictions have been extravagant experiments in form (testing particularly the dynamics of narrative voice); they have been playful, self-conscious investigations in reanimating traditional genres; they have been executed in a lyric prose that often dazzles with its density and its kinetics, foregrounding, in the best postmodern tradition, the author’s nimble dexterity with language. But like the probing texts of psychological realism of John Updike and his disciples, Chabon’s fictions have developed recognizable characters caught up in recognizable (and often heartbreaking) dilemmas and enthralling storylines compelled by suspense, enriched with suggestive symbols, and working toward humane insights into love and death, work and family. Across four decades now, Chabon’s writings—novels, short stories, and a growing body of engaging essays (by any measure a most prolific output)—have become a staple in both high school and university syllabi. He has been consistently praised by reviewers and sought out by interviewers. He has been listed by both theNew Yorker and Granta as among the most important writers of his generation. His books, despite the “stigma” of being serious fiction, have maintained a regular presence on best-seller lists and several of his titles have been optioned as big-budget film projects. He has been feted with prestigious awards, most notably an O. Henry Award for best short fiction (1999), a Nebula Award for Best Novel in science fiction (2007), a Hugo Award for Best Novel in science fiction or fantasy (2008), and the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction (2001). In late 2011 he was selected to chair the board of directors of MacDowell Colony in Peterborough, New Hampshire, for more than a century one of the most prominent and influential retreats for young American writers and artists. In 2012, though only in his forties, Chabon was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters, an august and exclusive body (250 members) comprised of the most respected figures in contemporary literature, fine arts, and music.

Yet the critical establishment has been cautious. Perhaps it was wary over Chabon’s notable success in the marketplace or of his singular accessibility or of his celebrity good looks—early in his career, he was “honored” in one of People magazine’s annual listings of the country’s Most Beautiful People—or perhaps it was skeptical of his remarkable productivity in an era where his contemporaries would routinely publish a book a decade. Or perhaps some critics were put off by his eager willingness to expand his narrative range into comic books, television, and film or by his stylish explorations of narrative genres long associated with low- octane pop culture (the detective story, sci-fi, fantasy, horror stories, sports fiction, comic books, adventure serials). The critical establishment initially investigated Chabon only in the limited scope of largely laudatory reviews and the occasional mention in journal articles.¹ The 2000 publication of the Pulitzer Prize–winning The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay, however, generated a much wider interest in Chabon, although that attention largely focused on the emerging debate over exactly how Jewish Chabon was, a rather narrow angle that Chabon himself has positioned as important, certainly, but not critical to understanding his narrative sensibility. His interest is far more ingrained in a much broader investigation of the American narrative. Despite producing a body of defiantly hip work that confidently explores (and ultimately challenges) contemporary notions of narrative, Chabon’s fictional sensibility is firmly centered on what has been the defining theme of American literature since Hawthorne’s tragicomic Surveyor, the restless Tramp-Narrator of Thoreau’s Walden, Melville’s pale-skinned Sub-Sub Librarian, and Emily Dickinson’s Wounded Child: namely, the scope, breadth, and scale of the imagination. More specifically this treats the anxious tension between escape and engagement, between the sweet, centripetal pull of the redemptive imagination—a splendid, if imperfect, engine of retreat capable of shaping the most elegant and suasive artifacts—and the harsh, centrifugal pull of real life, which is recklessly deformed by the crude handiwork of surprise and chance and unable to coax even the simplest appearance of logic.

Chabon’s defining characters are book-fed and word-fat, inveterate readers, wounded writers, self-conscious storytellers, articulate talkers, sustained performance pieces, and/or consummate liars. Curmudgeonly recluses, they haunt claustrophobic shelter-environments, barricaded far from the devastating conflicts and slow-burn agonies of the real world. They hide out in universities; in the foggy non-space of drugs and alcohol abuse; in secondhand stores well off the beaten track; in tricked-out basements and canopic libraries; in the tidy game-world of sports (most notably chess and baseball); in generously beaten-up cars, long-forgotten hidden tunnels, garages, extravagantly outfitted bedrooms, even coffins. His characters are gifted and cursed with vivid and potent imaginations, willingly conjuring convincing edifice-worlds from the accommodating availability of words, fashioning protective bunkers that provide them each with soft and coaxing prisons. To justify such protective retreats, however, Chabon proffers a most unsettling vision of the late twentieth century, a world defined by the emotional terrorism implicit in love’s cycle of expectation and disappointment. This involves the shadowy intrusion of mortality; the clumsy interference of bad luck and the fist-blow of surprise; the pervasive reach of greed; the peculiar woundings exacted by family; the blind clumsy handiwork of genetics; the irresistible itch of sexual attraction and the anxious confusions generated by its unpredictable appetites; the inevitability of betrayal by friends and lovers; and ultimately the heavy burden of loneliness. Buffeted, Chabon’s characters seek shelter.

Although one risks simplification to extract from a single traumatic childhood experience the protocols of a future writer, Chabon himself has recalled a particularly unsettling experience in June 1972, when he was nine. Hurricane Agnes, a freak early summer storm cell, inelegantly and improbably came roaring up the East Coast and drew a clear bead on the Washington, D.C./Maryland enclave where Chabon’s family lived, “raising river and drowning railroads and knocking out power all over the D.C. area” (Manhood for Amateurs 208). Staying that week with his grandparents in Silver Spring, Maryland, while contractors put finishing touches on his family’s new home in nearby Columbia, young Michael was sent to the basement for his safety. There he would spend an interminable night fearing the imminent inrush of what he imagined was a black wall of swirling flood waters—but what Chabon recalled years later was the protective feel of the basement itself, literally a shelter from the storm. It had a most tonic effect on the boy. “I suppose it is no accident that basements, hidden lairs, and underground settings have featured so routinely in my fiction. . . . You can find buried treasuries, Batcaves and hidey-holes, half-forgotten underground worlds that perhaps encode the rapture and the bitterness of my own isolation” (Manhood for Amateurs 209).

Indeed Chabon’s characters are shelter-dwellers, victims of brutal surprise and inelegant shocks that reveal the hard vulnerability of those who lack the protective insulation of the imagination. In his fictions, a child drowns; a young parent drops dead; apparently stable marriages implode into divorce; passion stales like bread left out overnight; a lover betrays the simplest promise of fidelity; a car suddenly veers off a road; the hard-wiring of genetics inexplicably plays a ghastly trick on an unborn child; work flatlines into routine; casual lovers confront an unwanted pregnancy; long-suffering would-be parents cannot turn the trick of conception; death intrudes, always premature, always absolute. Like the adolescent Chabon seeking the quiet calm of the basement-fortress against that frightening storm or handling there under a tented blanket in his bedroom the imminent approach of his parents’ divorce by constructing a perfect magic kingdom, these characters, reeling from the brutal intrusion of surprise, take refuge in protective spaces fashioned by the energy of the imagination. They exist within a complicated either-or dilemma: either indulge elegant private magic kingdoms or accept being ordinary, left naked amid sheer event. As the adolescent Chabon surely intuited there beneath the tented blanket, his flashlight precariously illuminating a world he coaxed into being, any magic kingdom he could conjure would be abundantly more attractive than his own home that was so inelegantly collapsing all about him into rubble. The adult Chabon, however, recognized the impossibility of such refuge and, ultimately, cannot endorse the coaxing lure of the imagination and its intriguing retreat. But the Chabon characters who come to realize the danger in retreat are often leveled by such revelations: they commit suicide; they disappear into addictions; they fall back into heavy indifference; they turn into misanthropic recluses, living suicides, surrendered, joyless, alone. Only the rare Chabon character, rocked by events and their unpredictability, comes to accept the imperfect world, its brutalities and its wonders. Chabon has drawn on his Jewish heritage to offer as examples of courageous engagement with a harsh world the European Jewry during the long night of Hitler’s Holocaust and, further back, the ancient Jews commemorated by the celebration of Passover, the holy days that recall the Jews’ dignity and triumph amid intolerable conditions of enslavement and against the horrific threat of ethnic cleansing. That willingness to embrace the dark chaos of existence, to accept vulnerability not as a weakness but as a strength, marks the heroic characters in Chabon’s fiction.

Born too late to experience firsthand the existential suburban angst of the gray-flannel Eisenhower boom or to fathom the bloody civics lesson delivered in the streets of urban America during the 1960s or to participate in the flamboyant (melo)drama of the Woodstock counterculture, Chabon instead grew up in the loopy, often foggy, freedom of the mid-1970s, in the spacious unease of post-Vietnam, post-Watergate America. “What happened in the seventies was that, as at no other time before or since in our history, Americans . . . were, for better and worse, free. Liberated, we cast aside the laws and limitations of the old familiar system to sail like Voyager out into the interstellar medium beyond” (Manhood for Amateurs 202). But freedom, as Chabon would testify in the fictions he later created, can be both exhilarating and terrifying. His are compassionate fictions of characters that undergo dramatic moments of interior shattering and who gain often unflattering insight into the nature of their own dilemmas. Like that young boy poring over the theme-park map, such characters must then sort from among the possible responses to such mysteries and sorrows the decidedly human mess of the late twentieth century. Some escape from its brutality via the imagination; others surrender sourly to its banality; and there are the rare, privileged few who, relishing the logic of the imagination, come as well to exalt in the real world’s manifest imperfections.

Michael William Chabon (pronounced “shay” as in Shea Stadium, “bahn” as in Bon Jovi, as he was fond of telling interviewers early in his career) was born May 24, 1963, in Georgetown University Hospital in Washington, D.C.² At the time his father, Robert S. Chabon, born and raised in the working-class Jewish neighborhoods of Brooklyn, New York, was just completing his M.D. at Georgetown. His mother, born Sharon Cohen, a native of Richmond, Virginia, ran the house. Over the next several years Dr. Chabon would begin a successful pediatrics practice with the Public Health Service, a massive government agency of more than 6,000 doctors and nurses headquartered in nearby Washington and dedicated to disseminating information to advance health and safety practices and to promote disease reduction, particularly in urban areas. In 1969, Chabon’s parents secured a housing loan through the Veterans Administration (Dr. Chabon had served a stint in the Coast Guard) and moved the family—Michael and Stephen, his younger brother by five years—to Columbia, Maryland, a planned community of nearly 14,000 acres located nearly midway between Baltimore and Washington. To borrow from the Disney conceptual, this real-life Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow had been launched two years earlier by urban visionaries, led by Maryland real estate millionaire James Rouse, intent on creating a kind of theme park-qua-city, an idyllic predesigned suburban utopia with a classic small-town community feel. The Chabons, along with the hundreds of other forward-thinking families moving into the new homes, were considered pioneers, first-generation settlers in a radical experiment in urban planning. Their self-contained model city, actually a dozen smaller towns grouped about a kind of hub, was built from scratch complete with new schools, hospitals, churches, and shops, its socio-economic makeup carefully balanced to maintain diversity. The prefabricated city was also free from the characteristic blight and deteriorating infrastructure of the older metropolitan areas up and down the East Coast corridor. As Chabon recalled years later, “[These families] were colonists of a dream, immigrants to a new land that as yet existed mostly on paper” (Maps and Legends 27). The Chabons had in fact moved into a kind of virtual city. In 1969 Columbia, Maryland, was less a real place than an exotic (and for some controversial) theory in urban socioeconomic engineering whose reality was largely confined to enthusiastic promotional pamphlets and ambitious architectural blueprints. As the city evolved during Chabon’s childhood, its aggressive public-relations promoters trumpeted Columbia’s virtues: negligible crime rate; inviting streets, impeccably manicured park-swatches; tidy model homes; efficient traffic management; and supremely blue-ribbon school systems.

Raised within such a model world, the socially awkward Michael (a geek, by his own admission) turned early on, perhaps inevitably, to easy escape into the colorful panel-world of comic books. His paternal grandfather had been a career typographer at a printing plant in Manhattan’s West Side and had regularly sent bags of old comics to Michael’s father, which the doctor in turn presented to his oldest son. As Michael’s interest broadened, his father frequently purchased newer, cutting-edge comics, which his son devoured. For a man born in the latter years of the Depression and raised to abide by the old-school family dynamic in which the father was the breadwinner and was not expected to give in to showy demonstrations of touchy-feely emotion, the gift of the comic books demonstrated the deep affection Dr. Chabon had for his older son. Michael was so clearly engaged by the fetching primary-color world of comic books, their caricature villains, their larger-than-life heroes, and their high-octane, perpetual-motion crises that inevitably pitted recognizable Good against recognizable Evil. But what Dr. Chabon did not suspect was that Michael was most enthralled with the storytelling, the exertion of the imagination into vivid and rollicking plots. By early adolescence, Michael was a voracious reader—indeed, once a week for years Dr. Chabon would drive Michael to the community’s public library to secure a new pile of books. Each one, whether adventure stories or mysteries or horror tales, offered a most inviting and welcoming safe-house for a child not given easily to social interactions. For years young Michael sustained the consolations of an imaginary friend, named Cheyenne, who still, nearly forty years later, stirred in him a “golden something, always nearby,” as Chabon recounted to me in an email exchange.

That would indeed become something of a pattern for Chabon as a child: the casual shuttle between reality and created worlds. In addition to reading, for instance, he relished the architectural license (and monkish solitude) of constructing Legos, stacking the boldly colored blocks into complex forms that, unlike boxed puzzles or airplane models, gave him the freedom to create shapes and to push his imaginative energy into original constructions. There was something hypnotic, intriguing about such creativity, and he invented stories to go along with the creatures and objects he designed. And there was, improbably enough, his interest in cooking. Before he was ten, Michael became enamored with the creative processes in the kitchen—his prized gift on his eleventh birthday was an encyclopedic cookbook. He delighted not only in following the tidiness of his mother’s handwritten recipe cards (in their own way, little model worlds, blueprints for efficient constructions) but enjoyed as well the opportunities to ad-lib during meal preparation, which he did largely on his own with only the loosest supervision from his mother, finding in cooking the same creative release he had found in comic books and Legos. But above all he discovered the pleasure of storytelling. At five Michael was already experimenting with telling and even writing stories—at ten he garnered praise from his English teacher with the first story he shared in school, “The Revenge of Captain Nemo,” a wildly imaginative tale centered on a dialogue between two fictional characters who had long fascinated him: Jules Verne’s mysterious recluse Captai...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half title
• Title
• Copyright
• Contents
• Series Editor’s Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Chapter 1 Understanding Michael Chabon
• Chapter 2 The Mysteries of Pittsburgh
• Chapter 3 The Lost World Cycle
• Chapter 4 Wonder Boys
• Chapter 5 Werewolves in Their Youth and The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay
• Chapter 6 Summerland and The Yiddish Policemen’s Union
• Chapter 7 Gentlemen of the Road and Telegraph Avenue
• Notes
• Bibliography
• Index