Chapter 1
June 19, 1799âThe Goethe Transformation
May God us keep
From Single vision and Newtonâs sleep!
âWilliam Blake, Poems from Letters
Closing my eyes and lowering my head, I was able to imagine a flower in the centre of my eye: and to perceive the flower in such a way that it did not remain even for a moment in its initial form, but spread out, and yet other flowers, with coloured as well as green leaves, continued to unfold from within. These were no natural flowers, but imaginary ones, and yet they were as regular as stonemasonsâ rosettes. I could not fix this cascading creation, yet I could make it last as long as I wished, neither diminishing nor intensifying. I was able to produce the same effect by imagining the decoration of a coloured disc, which likewise ceaselessly transformed itself from centre to periphery, just like those kaleidoscopes that were only invented in our times.
âJohann Wolfgang von Goethe, BeitrĂ€ge zur Morphologie
And what is seeing without thinking?
âGoethe, Italian Journey
1
The events that blossom in the eye, those uncommon colour events that Rousseau still associated with the sensibility of a distant boreal people, find in Goethe, from the time of his flight to Italy,1 the KĂŒnstler capable of bringing them back to the plane upon which they take shape, to constitute the profile and the animated depth of the visible. Pointing the way towards this refined enjoyment of âthe worldâs surfaceâ2 of which âwe Cimmeriansââenveloped in âeternal fog and gloomâ under the greyness of a âturbid [TrĂŒbe] skyâ3âknow nothing, the discovery of colour, âthe ultimate art of colourâ (in the words of painter Philipp Otto Runge) will parallel the progressive discovery of the art of painting with a living art, an art of life in seeing that belongs to a ârebirth [Wiedergeburt]â, an Italian âsecond birthâ, âremoldingâ the poet âfrom withinâ, and which âis still in progressâ.4 Like a flower at the centre of the field of vision that âforms unexpectedlyâ. . . .5
âWe thus identify with colour. It attunes the eye and mind in unison with it [Man identifiziert sich alsdann mit der Farbe; sie stimmt Auge und Geist mit sich unisono]â.6 Like an echo of that verse in the first act of Faust II (in a scene rewritten during the visit to Rome) which, as colours emerge from a grey ground, exalts in âthis rainbow-hued [. . .] reflectionâ that is none other than âlifeâ, as the blinding whiteness of the sun âshin[ing] at my backâ7 is rendered into the polychromatic creations of appearance, the Farbenlehreâs famous passages on this identification with colour emphasise the far from classical significance of an analysis of the experience of vision that will nonetheless distance itself from the heartfelt formulae of romantic pathos. (The latter will be mocked in the 1780 âdramatic fantasyâ entitled The Triumph of Sensibility). As announced from the time of Goetheâs return from Italy (approximately 1790), the requisite of immanence demands that vision be treated as an experience unshackled from any model foreign to the visibleâeven a poetic model given over to the inspiration of the Dichter . . . âbecause it is ânature as a wholeâ, become living, that through colour and light âmanifests itself [. . .] in an especial manner to the sense of sightâ,8 a nature, which the eye itself, in perceiving it, will begin to âspeakâ.9 Having thus renounced any attempt to trace, like Rousseau, the field of its harmonics from language, since one cannot âexpress clearly in words the effect a colorful object has on your eyesâ,10 Goethe was of the opinion that the âdifficult science of the theory of coloursâ11 does not take its lead from the object of knowledge either, according to the mechanistic model of light imposed by Newtonâs prismatic experiment:
Until now light has been viewed as a kind of abstraction [eine Art von Abstraktum], an entity existing and acting by itself, determining itself in some way, and creating colour out of itself. To turn lovers of nature away from this mode of thinking, to make them aware that prismatic and other phenomena involve not an unbounded determinant light but rather [. . .] a luminous image [Lichtbild] [. . .]. This is the problem to resolve, the goal to be attained.12
To insist that this luminous image is not the result of the dispersion of light, of the mechanical division of an âabstract light [abstraktes Licht]â within the prism (the âprismatic phantomâ) and its diffraction into âraysâ according to the laws of optics, but instead the result of its limitation by âsome darknessâ amounts to positing immediately that the Farbenlehre, qua doctrine of colours or Colour Theory, is no Treatise on the Rainbow for which âcolours in their specific state [would be] contained in light as originary modes of light which only manifest themselves through refraction and other external conditionsâ.13 And that consequently it would be impossible to account for them with the mathematical model of a quantitative scale of colours obeying an abstract analogy with the notes of the musical scale (âas the cube-roots of the squares of lengths of a monocord which produce the tones of an octave, the sol, la, fa, sol, la, mi, fa, sol, with all their intermediate degrees corresponding to the colours of those rays, in accordance with the established analogyâ).14 To object, then, against Newton, and contrary to an account of light suggesting that it can be grasped externally as a given substance whose mechanism might be treated by physics, that âlight is not visible qua light, but only when it appears in the form of an imageâ.15 This means that one mustâlike Aristotle, and those Greeks for whom âscience gave forth lifeâ16âhold to the sensible image itself, so as to submit colours to the living plane of the eye upon which they gain a sense that can account for the genesis of the visible; a plane that is not the wholly physical plane of a ârealâ supposedly independent of the organ that perceives it, the retina that takes possession of it and, already, fosters within it aesthetic landscapes.
âTo destroy the aesthetic image is also to destroy truthâ, as Simmel sums up in a landmark formula. Explaining this Goethean phenomenon, whose consequenceâdrawn in full by the author of the Farbenlehreâis that we must âconceive of science as an artâ in order to find in it âany kind of totality whatsoeverâ,17 Simmel writes,
Because beauty represents the incarnation of an ideal content in real being, to accord it overall supremacy is to abolish the fundamental opposition between the spiritual principle and the natural principle, between the subjective principle and the objective principle of beingâit is to recognize the absurdity of such an opposition. This is why Goethe finds in beauty the infallible criteria for the correctness of knowledge: at the instant when the (material or intellectual) decomposition of the object annuls the beauty of its appearance, it also thereby proves the inexactitude of the results obtained. The dismemberment of nature âwith levers and screwsâ is a theoretical error because it is an aesthetic error.18
On the basis of Goetheâs chromatic analysis, Schopenhauer will reactivate on his own account this challenge to a nature derealised by Newtonian mechanism, and which takes âfor extensive what is intensive, for mechanic what is dynamic, for quantitative what is qualitative, and for subjective what is objective, in that the object of [Newtonâs] study was light when it should have been the eyeâ.19 It could not be clearer: the comprehension of colours, the analysis of their relations and their mixtures, relates to a âsubjectiveâ retinal geography. The landscape of colour is condensed from the precincts of the eye; it must be referred back to the ocular sphere within which colour is immersed and differentiated by degrees of contraction and curvature, as the qualities of the perceived world are superposed within the intimacy of vision, and in order that they may be so superposedâlike an image on a cone whose coordinates are deformed and reorganised according to a design and assemblage quite different from that of the objects supposedly reflected in it. For Schopenhauer, the world of colour is inseparable from a kind of anamorphosis unrelated to any âthingâ, and which is hardly even ânaturalâ since it is entirely beholden to the subterra...