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Abelard, Peter, 50, 319, 330–33, 336–38, 342, 343, 357, 358, 359, 558
Abortion, 478
Absolutism: and the bureaucratic state, 277; and church–state relations, 55; Dante’s view of, 548; and early Christianity, 36–37, 79–80; and the intellectual expansion of Europe, 311, 312, 316, 318, 328–29; and the Judaic tradition, 26–27, 36–37; and the Justinian code/Roman Empire, 12, 13, 26, 125–26, 311, 312; and the law, 311, 312, 316, 318; and monasticism, 149–55; and secular leadership, 395–415. See also Papal absolutism
Acre, castle at, 301–2
Adrian IV (pope), 324, 326, 404
Adrianople, battle of, 46, 100, 123
Agincourt, battle of (1415), 519
Alaric the Bold (Visigoth king), 101
Alberti, Battista, 554, 555
Albertus Magnus, 443
Albigensians, 300, 389–93, 424–25, 428, 461, 469, 491
Alcoholic beverages, 480
Alcuin, 165, 179, 181–82, 188–89, 190, 192, 320, 322
Alexander II (pope), 313
Alexander III (pope), 404, 405, 414, 417
Alexander the Great, 4, 19
Alexandria, Egypt, 40, 51, 153, 364
Alexius Comnenus (Byzantine emperor), 291, 295
Alfred (Anglo–Saxon king), 95, 166
Alonso X the Learned (Spanish king), 510
Anabaptists, 388
Anaclete II (pope), 339–40
Anchoritism, 147–48
Andrew the Chaplain (Andreas Capellanus), 349, 350
Anglo-Norman monarchy, 277–84, 315–16, 395
Anglo–Saxons, 91, 93–94, 205, 278, 280–81. See also England; English law
Anjou, 207, 287–88, 402, 409, 522–23. See also Charles of Anjou
Annulments, 235–36
Anointment of kings, 175–76, 178–79, 182, 207, 212, 239, 414
Anonymous of York treatises, 265, 286
Anticlericalism, 384–93, 470, 490, 536–37, 551
Anti-intellectualism, 445–46
Antisacerdotalism, 384–93, 419, 426–27, 429, 430–31, 435, 445–16
Anti-Semitism, 253, 365, 366
Apology of Socrates (Plato), 16
Apostolic poverty, 261–63, 377, 388, 430, 488, 490, 499, 533, 534. See also Asceticism
Aquinas, Thomas: Dante as a disciple of, 546; and the dialectical method, 335, 337; disapproval of, 532; as a Dominican, 429; and the Italian Renaissance, 561; and the paradoxes of the middle ages, 566; political theory of, 448–51, 461, 551; and scholasticism, 531, 532; and the systemization of knowledge, 14, 443–45, 446; and the translations of Aristotle, 358, 362, 369
Aquitaine, 113, 207, 348, 349, 352, 410, 480, 516–17, 518. See also Eleanor of Aquitaine
Arabs/Arabia, 133, 300–301. See also Islam; Moslems; specific country or person
Aragon, 491–92, 510, 511, 523
Architecture: in 1050 AD, 237; Byzantine, 554; and church reform, 505; and classical thought, 554, 555; of Cluny, 334; Gothic, 321–22, 323–24, 436–38, 555; and the intellectual expansion of Europe, 306, 321–22, 323–24; and the Italian Renaissance, 544, 554, 555; and the Norman conquest, 285; Romanesque, 222–23, 321, 322, 436, 554
Archpoet, 345
Arianism: and the barbarian invasions, 93, 102, 103, 104, 105, 108, 109, 111, 113, 130–31, 155; basic concepts of, 50–51; and church–state relations, 56; collapse of, 49, 127; and the Council of Nicaea, 50; and the Germanic peoples, 58; and the Moslem invasions, 58; and nationalism, 50–51; and the Roman Empire, 57–58
Aristocracy. See Nobility
Aristotelianism: banning of, 532; and the crisis of the late middle ages, 480; and the Dominican order, 429; and education, 20; emergence of, 13–14; and Gregorian reform, 255; and the harvest of medieval thought, 531; influence of, 20; and the intellectual expansion of Europe, 306, 320, 334–38; and the Italian Renaissance, 550, 551; Italian universities as centers of, 531; and Judaism, 360–61, 363–72; and the manuscript search, 550; and the moral authority of the state, 449; and Moslem thought, 138, 140, 360–61, 362–63, 371–72; and papal absolutism, 427; Platonism compared with, 19–20, 360, 362; and politics, 449, 551; preservation of, 83; and scholasticism, 534–35; and the systemization of knowledge, 14, 442–43, 444–48; and theology, 360–61; translations of, 20, 83, 108, 334–35, 357–61. See also Dialectical method
Arnold of Brescia, 337, 404
Art, 323, 324, 436, 483, 530, 539–40, 544, 553–57
Art of Love (Ovid), 350
Arthurian legends, 352–54, 537, 538
Asceticism: and the Dominican order, 428; and emotional religiosity, 378–79; and Gregorian reform, 248–49, 262–63, 375; institutionalization of, 380–84, 428; and monks’ role in society, 373–84; and popular heresy, 391–92; and popular piety, 373–74, 428; and the proliferation of religious orders, 373–84; purpose of, 146; and the rise of monasticism, 146, 147–48; and the Virgin cult, 378–79. See also Benedictine order, Franciscan order
Ataulf (Visigoth king), 101–2, 107
Athanasius, 147
Attila the Hun, 106
Augustinianism: and classical thought, 74–75, 76, 80–81, 448; and the Dominican order, 428; and the intellectual expansion of Europe, 320, 327, 328, 329; and the Italian Renaissance, 548, 561; and justification for the crusades, 290; and liberalism, 75; and monks’ role in society, 381; and the moral authority of the state, 448, 449; and mysticism, 79; and Platonism, 75, 78, 81; and popular heresy, 384, 426; and rationality, 75; and salvation, 84–85; and the systemization of knowledge, 443, 444–48. See also St. Augustine
Augustus Caesar, 7
Authority: moral, 448–64. See also Absolutism; Papal absolutism
Averroes, 359–60, 362–63, 369, 370, 443, 445, 531, 536, 546, 548, 551
Avicebrol, 368
Avicenna, 359–60, 362
Avignon, papacy at, 496, 497–98
Bacon, Roger, 447, 448, 534
Bailli/bailiffs, 412–13
Baldwin of Lorraine, 297
Balkans, 129, 130
Banking: and the decline of the papacy, 494, 496–97; in Italy, 471, 481, 525, 526, 541–42, 544–45; and the Jews, 365–67, 512; and the Knights Templars, 382–83, 496–97; and the Medici family, 525, 526, 544–45
Baptism, 49
Barbarian invasions: as beginning of the middle ages, 561–62; and the Celtic church, 162; and church–state relations, 62–63, 64, 95, 97–98, 102, 104, 105, 107, 109–10, 112–13, 115–16, 118, 145, 155; and the economic unity of the Mediterranean world, 141–42, 143; effects of the, 9; and the fall of the Roman Empire, 41, 44–47, 62; first century of, 99–104; and the Franks, 93, 94, 102, 104, 110–21; and German law, 13; and imperial unity, 57; and nationalism, 89, 91; reasons for the, 89, 90, 99–100. See also Germans/Germany: barbarian invasions by the; Huns; Moslems: barbarian invasions by the
Barthes, Roland, 14
Basil II (Byzantine emperor), 226
Beatific vision, 341–42, 349, 546. See also Mysticism
Becket, Thomas, 324–25, 399–401
Bede, 162, 164–66, 320
Beguines, 499
Benedictine order: in Britain, 160, 164, 165; criticism of the, 248–49, 374, 376, 377, 378, 3...
