Civilization of the Middle Ages

Completely Revised and Expanded Edition, A

Norman F. Cantor

• Publisher: Harper Paperbacks
• Year: 2015
• ISBN:
  9780062444608
• Topic: History
• Subtopic: European Medieval History
• Index: History

''No better explanation of medievalism is available to the general reader.'' -- Booklist

A revised and expanded edition of Norman Cantor's splendidly detailed and lively history of the Middle Ages, containing more than 30 percent new material from the original edition.

INDEX

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Abelard, Peter, 50, 319, 330–33, 336–38, 342, 343, 357, 358, 359, 558

Abortion, 478

Absolutism: and the bureaucratic state, 277; and church–state relations, 55; Dante’s view of, 548; and early Christianity, 36–37, 79–80; and the intellectual expansion of Europe, 311, 312, 316, 318, 328–29; and the Judaic tradition, 26–27, 36–37; and the Justinian code/Roman Empire, 12, 13, 26, 125–26, 311, 312; and the law, 311, 312, 316, 318; and monasticism, 149–55; and secular leadership, 395–415. See also Papal absolutism

Acre, castle at, 301–2

Adrian IV (pope), 324, 326, 404

Adrianople, battle of, 46, 100, 123

Agincourt, battle of (1415), 519

Alaric the Bold (Visigoth king), 101

Alberti, Battista, 554, 555

Albertus Magnus, 443

Albigensians, 300, 389–93, 424–25, 428, 461, 469, 491

Alcoholic beverages, 480

Alcuin, 165, 179, 181–82, 188–89, 190, 192, 320, 322

Alexander II (pope), 313

Alexander III (pope), 404, 405, 414, 417

Alexander the Great, 4, 19

Alexandria, Egypt, 40, 51, 153, 364

Alexius Comnenus (Byzantine emperor), 291, 295

Alfred (Anglo–Saxon king), 95, 166

Alonso X the Learned (Spanish king), 510

Anabaptists, 388

Anaclete II (pope), 339–40

Anchoritism, 147–48

Andrew the Chaplain (Andreas Capellanus), 349, 350

Anglo-Norman monarchy, 277–84, 315–16, 395

Anglo–Saxons, 91, 93–94, 205, 278, 280–81. See also England; English law

Anjou, 207, 287–88, 402, 409, 522–23. See also Charles of Anjou

Annulments, 235–36

Anointment of kings, 175–76, 178–79, 182, 207, 212, 239, 414

Anonymous of York treatises, 265, 286

Anticlericalism, 384–93, 470, 490, 536–37, 551

Anti-intellectualism, 445–46

Antisacerdotalism, 384–93, 419, 426–27, 429, 430–31, 435, 445–16

Anti-Semitism, 253, 365, 366

Apology of Socrates (Plato), 16

Apostolic poverty, 261–63, 377, 388, 430, 488, 490, 499, 533, 534. See also Asceticism

Aquinas, Thomas: Dante as a disciple of, 546; and the dialectical method, 335, 337; disapproval of, 532; as a Dominican, 429; and the Italian Renaissance, 561; and the paradoxes of the middle ages, 566; political theory of, 448–51, 461, 551; and scholasticism, 531, 532; and the systemization of knowledge, 14, 443–45, 446; and the translations of Aristotle, 358, 362, 369

Aquitaine, 113, 207, 348, 349, 352, 410, 480, 516–17, 518. See also Eleanor of Aquitaine

Arabs/Arabia, 133, 300–301. See also Islam; Moslems; specific country or person

Aragon, 491–92, 510, 511, 523

Architecture: in 1050 AD, 237; Byzantine, 554; and church reform, 505; and classical thought, 554, 555; of Cluny, 334; Gothic, 321–22, 323–24, 436–38, 555; and the intellectual expansion of Europe, 306, 321–22, 323–24; and the Italian Renaissance, 544, 554, 555; and the Norman conquest, 285; Romanesque, 222–23, 321, 322, 436, 554

Archpoet, 345

Arianism: and the barbarian invasions, 93, 102, 103, 104, 105, 108, 109, 111, 113, 130–31, 155; basic concepts of, 50–51; and church–state relations, 56; collapse of, 49, 127; and the Council of Nicaea, 50; and the Germanic peoples, 58; and the Moslem invasions, 58; and nationalism, 50–51; and the Roman Empire, 57–58

Aristocracy. See Nobility

Aristotelianism: banning of, 532; and the crisis of the late middle ages, 480; and the Dominican order, 429; and education, 20; emergence of, 13–14; and Gregorian reform, 255; and the harvest of medieval thought, 531; influence of, 20; and the intellectual expansion of Europe, 306, 320, 334–38; and the Italian Renaissance, 550, 551; Italian universities as centers of, 531; and Judaism, 360–61, 363–72; and the manuscript search, 550; and the moral authority of the state, 449; and Moslem thought, 138, 140, 360–61, 362–63, 371–72; and papal absolutism, 427; Platonism compared with, 19–20, 360, 362; and politics, 449, 551; preservation of, 83; and scholasticism, 534–35; and the systemization of knowledge, 14, 442–43, 444–48; and theology, 360–61; translations of, 20, 83, 108, 334–35, 357–61. See also Dialectical method

Arnold of Brescia, 337, 404

Art, 323, 324, 436, 483, 530, 539–40, 544, 553–57

Art of Love (Ovid), 350

Arthurian legends, 352–54, 537, 538

Asceticism: and the Dominican order, 428; and emotional religiosity, 378–79; and Gregorian reform, 248–49, 262–63, 375; institutionalization of, 380–84, 428; and monks’ role in society, 373–84; and popular heresy, 391–92; and popular piety, 373–74, 428; and the proliferation of religious orders, 373–84; purpose of, 146; and the rise of monasticism, 146, 147–48; and the Virgin cult, 378–79. See also Benedictine order, Franciscan order

Ataulf (Visigoth king), 101–2, 107

Athanasius, 147

Attila the Hun, 106

Augustinianism: and classical thought, 74–75, 76, 80–81, 448; and the Dominican order, 428; and the intellectual expansion of Europe, 320, 327, 328, 329; and the Italian Renaissance, 548, 561; and justification for the crusades, 290; and liberalism, 75; and monks’ role in society, 381; and the moral authority of the state, 448, 449; and mysticism, 79; and Platonism, 75, 78, 81; and popular heresy, 384, 426; and rationality, 75; and salvation, 84–85; and the systemization of knowledge, 443, 444–48. See also St. Augustine

Augustus Caesar, 7

Authority: moral, 448–64. See also Absolutism; Papal absolutism

Averroes, 359–60, 362–63, 369, 370, 443, 445, 531, 536, 546, 548, 551

Avicebrol, 368

Avicenna, 359–60, 362

Avignon, papacy at, 496, 497–98

Bacon, Roger, 447, 448, 534

Bailli/bailiffs, 412–13

Baldwin of Lorraine, 297

Balkans, 129, 130

Banking: and the decline of the papacy, 494, 496–97; in Italy, 471, 481, 525, 526, 541–42, 544–45; and the Jews, 365–67, 512; and the Knights Templars, 382–83, 496–97; and the Medici family, 525, 526, 544–45

Baptism, 49

Barbarian invasions: as beginning of the middle ages, 561–62; and the Celtic church, 162; and church–state relations, 62–63, 64, 95, 97–98, 102, 104, 105, 107, 109–10, 112–13, 115–16, 118, 145, 155; and the economic unity of the Mediterranean world, 141–42, 143; effects of the, 9; and the fall of the Roman Empire, 41, 44–47, 62; first century of, 99–104; and the Franks, 93, 94, 102, 104, 110–21; and German law, 13; and imperial unity, 57; and nationalism, 89, 91; reasons for the, 89, 90, 99–100. See also Germans/Germany: barbarian invasions by the; Huns; Moslems: barbarian invasions by the

Barthes, Roland, 14

Basil II (Byzantine emperor), 226

Beatific vision, 341–42, 349, 546. See also Mysticism

Becket, Thomas, 324–25, 399–401

Bede, 162, 164–66, 320

Beguines, 499

Benedictine order: in Britain, 160, 164, 165; criticism of the, 248–49, 374, 376, 377, 378, 3...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Titlepage
• Dedication
• Contents
• Preface
• One: The Heritage of the Ancient World
• Two: The Foundations of the Middle Ages
• Three: The Age of the Barbarian Invasions
• Four: Justinian and Mohammed
• Five: The Advance of Ecclesiastical Leadership
• Six: The Making of Carolingian Kingship
• Seven: Culture and Society in the First Europe
• Eight: Ecclesia and Mundus
• Nine: Byzantium, Islam, and the West
• Ten: Europe in 1050
• Eleven: The Gregorian World Revolution
• Twelve: The Anglo-Norman Monarchy and the Emergence of the Bureaucratic State
• Thirteen: The First Crusade and After
• Fourteen: The Intellectual Expansion of Europe
• Fifteen: Moslem and Jewish Thought: The Aristotelian Challenge
• Sixteen: Varieties of Religious Experience
• Seventeen: The Entrenchment of Secular Leadership
• Eighteen: The Peace of Innocent III
• Nineteen: The New Consensus and Its Limitations
• Twenty: The Search for Order
• Twenty-One: Late Medieval and Renaissance Culture
• The Middle Ages on Film
• Recommended Reading
• Index
• About the Author
• Also by Norman F. Cantor
• Copyright
• About the Publisher