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Language in Relation to a Unified Theory of the Structure of Human Behavior

Name: Language in Relation to a Unified Theory of the Structure of Human Behavior
Author: Kenneth L. Pike

Kenneth L. Pike,

762 pages
English
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Language in Relation to a Unified Theory of the Structure of Human Behavior

Kenneth L. Pike,

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Information

Publisher

De Gruyter Mouton

Year

2015

ISBN

9783111657158

Edition

Topic

Languages & Linguistics

Subtopic

Linguistics

Index

Languages & Linguistics

Preface to the Preliminary Edition
Preface to the Second Edition
1. Language as Behavior
1.1 An Illustration of the Need for a Unified Theory
1.2 Language Behavior and Non-Language Behavior Fused in Single Events
1.21 Nonlanguage Reports Which Need a Language Supplement
1.22 Language Reports Which Need a Nonlanguage Supplement
1.3 Verbal and Nonverbal Elements Substituting for One Another in Function
1.4 Bibliographical Comments on Chapter 1
2. Etic and Emic Standpoints for the Description of Behavior
2.1 Characteristics of the Two Standpoints
2.11 Cross-Cultural Versus Specific
2.12 Physical Nature, Response, and Distribution
2.13 Value of Standpoints
2.14 Caution – Not a Dichotomy
2.2 Illustrations of Purposive Emic Differences Within a Culture
2.3 Variants of Emic Units
2.4 Differences in Etic Observers
2.5 Organization of Similar Etic Units Within Distinct Emic Systems
2.6 Predictability of Difficulties in Learning to React Emically to an Alien Emic System
2.7 Bibliographical Comments on Chapter 2
2.71 On Etic versus Emic Viewpoints
2.72 On the Nature of Structure
2.73 On Extralinguistic Cultural Distribution as Relevant to Emic Analysis
2.74 On Clash between Systems as a Source of Evidence or Assumptions Relevant to the Emic Analysis of Language
2.75 On Theory Formation and the Philosophy of Science
3. The Structure of Behavior Illustrated
3.1 Glimpses of a Church Service
3.2 Segments and Waves of Activity
3.21 Nuclei of Segments
3.22 Borders of Etic Segments
3.23 Etic Segments as Waves of Activity
3.24 Markers of Emic Segments
3.25 Indeterminacy of Segment Borders
3.3 Focus and the Whole
3.31 Hierarchical Structure
3.32 Focus and Participants
3.33 Lower Limits to Focus
3.34 Indeterminacy of Focus
3.35 Criteria for Closure
3.4 Slots and Classes
3.41 Functional Slots in Larger Wholes
3.42 Segment Classes
3.43 Indeterminacy of Class„
3.5 Modes of Units
3.51 Distribution Mode
3.52 Manifestation Mode
3.53 Feature Mode
3.54 Indeterminacy of Modes
3.55 Modal Formula Symbolizing Units
3.56 Manifestation of Each Mode as the Manifestation of the Whole
3.6 Bibliographical Comments on Chapter 3
3.61 On Segmenting a Continuum
3.62 On Hierarchical Structure
3.63 On Units
4. Focus Illustrated
4.1 A Football Game in Focus
4.11 The Length of the Game
4.12 The Spectacle
4.13 The Season
4.14 Miscellaneous Overlapping Hierarchies
4.15 Abstraction Focus (Hypostasis)
4.16 Periods in the Official Game
4.17 Plays, Play Sequences, and Closure
4.18 Plays in Slots with Choice and Variants
4.19 Wholes Smaller than Plays
4.1.10 Homomorphic Activity and Indeterminacy
4.2 Height of Focus
4.21 Predominant Focus
4.22 Exponents in Formulas
4.23 Hypostasis Formulas and Types
4.24 Modal Elements in Focus Formulas
4.25 Diagram of Changes of Focus Height
4.3 Depth of Focus
4.31 Shallow and Deep Focus
4.32 Thresholds, With Lower and Upper Limits to Height of Focus
4.4 Breadth of Focus
4.41 Focusing Processes
4.42 Wide versus Narrow Focus
4.43 Relevance in Reference to Composites
4.44 Segmental Borders of Composites
4.45 Segments as Simultaneously Members of Separate Intersecting Hierarchies
4.46 Composites in a Setting
4.5 Bibliographical Comments on Chapter 4
5. The Behavioreme (Including the Sentence)
5.1 The Behavioreme Defined or Described
5.2 The Behavioreme Illustrated by a Breakfast Unit
5.3 Included Behavioremes, Minimum Behavioremes, and Thresholds
5.4 Systems of Behavioremes
5.5 The Uttereme (The Sentence Syntagmeme) and the Etics of Utterances
5.51 Segmentation of a Continuum into Utterances and Hyper-Utterances
5.52 Etic Classificatory Criteria for Utterance Types
5.53 Etic Utterance Types
5.54 Utterance Distribution Classes
5.55 Emic Procedure in the Analysis of Utterances and Hyper-Utterances
5.6 Bibliographical Comments on Chapter 5
5.61 On Behavioremes
5.62 An Etic Classification in Anthropology
5.63 On Linguistic Units Larger than Sentences
5.64 On Meaning in Definitions of Sentence Types
6. The Minimum Unit of the Feature Mode of the Behavioreme (Including the Morpheme)
6.1 Definition of the Emic Motif
6.2 The Emic Motif Partially Illustrated
6.3 The Emic Motif Contrasted with the Behavioreme
6.4 The Feature Mode of the Morpheme
6.41 Minimum Purposive Units in Reference to Hypostasis in a Componential System
6.42 Sources of Analytical Knowledge of Purposes and Meanings
6.43 Conceptualized Hypostasis in Participant Awareness of Purpose and Meaning
6.44 Indeterminacy and Margin of Error in Analyzing Purpose and Meaning
6.45 Morphemes Without Lexical Meaning
6.46 Contrastive-Identificational and Meaningful-Formal Characteristics of a Morpheme
6.5 The Manifestation Mode of the Morpheme
6.51 Identical Manifestations
6.52 Free Variants of a Morpheme
6.53 Locally-Conditioned Variants of a Morpheme
6.54 Morphetically-Complex Variants of a Morpheme
6.55 Fused versus Clearly-Segmented Variants of Morphemes
6.56 Locally-Free but Systemically-Conditioned Variants of Morphemes
6.6 The Distribution Mode of the Morpheme
6.61 Activeness of Morphemes
6.62 Parasitic (Latent) Morphs, and Differences in Participants
6.63 Morphemic-Class Membership and Potential-Distribution as Components of the Distribution Mode of a Morpheme
6.64 The Internal Structure of a Morpheme
6.65 An Occuring Allomorph Viewed as Constituting an Occurring Morpheme
6.66 Border Limits of Morphemes in Reference to Tagmemes
6.7 Systems of Morphemes as Composed of Emic Classes of Morphemes
6.8 Morphetics
6.81 Segmentation of a Continuum into Morphs
6.82 Etic Classificatory Criteria for Morph Types
6.83 Etic Classificatory Criteria for Morphs in Relation to their Distribution Classes
6.84 Summary of the Relation of Morphs to Morphemes
6.9 Bibliographical Comments on Chapter 6
6.91 On Morpheme Definition
6.92 On Active Elements
6.93 On Indeterminacy in Morphemic Analysis
6.94 On Etic Classifications
7. The Minimum Unit of the Distribution Mode of the Behavioreme (Including theTagmeme)
7.1 Definition of Motifemic-Slot-Class-Correlative
7.2 The Motifemic-Slot-Class Correlative Partially Illustrated within the Breakfast Unit
7.3 The Feature Mode of the Tagmeme
7.31 Distribution Classes of Morphemes as Tagmemic Components
7.32 Tagmemic Slot, Proportion, and Structural Meaning as Tagmemic Components
7.4 The Manifestation Mode of the Tagmeme
7.41 Identical Manifestations of a Tagmeme
7.42 Free Variants of a Tagmeme
7.43 Locally-Conditioned Manifested Variants of a Tagmeme
7.44 Morphemically-Complex Manifested Variants of a Tagmeme
7.45 Fused versus Clearly-Segmented Variants of Tagmemes
7.46 Systematically-Conditioned Variants of Tagmemes
7.5 The Distribution Mode of the Tagmeme
7.51 Activeness of Tagmemes
7.52 The Tagmemic-Class Membership and the Potential Occurrence of a Tagmeme as a Component of Its Distribution Mode
7.53 Potential for the Correlation of the Manifestations of One Tagmeme with the Manifestations of Another Tagmeme
7.54 The Internal Structure of the Tagmeme
7.55 An Occurring Tagmemic Manifestation Viewed as an Occurring Tagmeme
7.56 Border Limits of Tagmemes in Reference to Morphemes and Hypermorphemes
7.6 Systems of Tagmemes as Composed of Emic Classes of Tagmemes
7.7 Tagmatics
7.71 Segmentation of a Continuum into Tagmas
7.72 Etic Classificatory Criteria for Tagma Types
7.73 Etic Classificatory Criteria for Tagmas in Reference to Their Distribution Classes
7.74 Utteremic-Tagmemic Formulas Following Tagmatic Analysis
7.75 Languagettes for Student Analysis
7.8 Bibliographical Comments on Chapter 7
7.81 On Classes of Morphemes
7.82 On Slot or Position
7.83 On Proportion, Positional Meaning, and Substitutability
7.84 On Potential and Prediction
7.85 On Morphemic Slot-Class Correlatives versus Constructions or Relationships
7.86 On the Etics of Relationships
7.87 On the Initial Development of Tagmemic Theory
7.88 On Tagmemic Method
8. The Minimum Unit of the Manifestation Mode of the Behavioreme (Including the Phoneme)
8.1 Definition of the Acteme
8.2 The Acteme Partially Illustrated Within the Breakfast Unit
8.21 Nonverbal Actemes (Kinemes) Illustrated
8.22 Verbal Actemes (Phonemes) illustrated
8.3 The Feature Mode of the Phoneme
8.31 Simultaneous, Sequential, and Contrastive-Identificational Features
8.32 Units versus Relationships or Poles of Contrast
8.33 Relativity of Features and Phonetic Overlap
8.34 Fused Ranges of Features with Intermediate Phonetic Manifestations
8.35 The Possibility of Contrastive-Identificational Features of Phonemes as Emes
8.4 The Manifestation Mode of the Phoneme
8.41 Movement as Basic to Phonemic Manifestation
8.42 Waves of Activity in Phonemic Manifestation
8.43 Participant Type in Relation to Phonemic Movement
8.44 Variants of Phonemes
8.5 The Distribution Mode of the Phoneme
8.51 Actual and Potential Distribution of the Phoneme in Hyperphonemes
8.52 Actual and Potential Distribution of the Phoneme in Grammatical Units and in the Behavioreme
8.53 The Internal Structure of the Phoneme and its Active Membership in a Class of Phonemes
8.54 An Occurring Allophone Viewed as Constituting an Occurring Phoneme
8.6 Systems of Phonemes
8.61 Congruent Systems of Phonemes in a Hypercongruent System
8.62 Trimodally-Structured Classes of Phonemes
8.63 An English Illustration of Emic Classes of Phonemes
8.64 A Hierarchy of English Classes of Phonemes
8.65 Phonemically-Complex Members of an Emic Class of Phonemes
8.66 Emic Slot-Class Units in Phonology
8.67 Order or Relationship as a Conceptualized Hypostasis
8.7 Phonetics
8.71 Segmentation of a Continuum into Phones
8.72 Etic Classificatory Criteria for Phone Types
8.73 Etic Criteria for Phones in Relation to their Distribution Classes
8.74 Summary of the Relation of Phones to Phonemes
8.8 Bibliographical Comments on Chapter 8
8.81 The History of Phonemics and of Articulatory Phonetics
8.82 On Substance
8.83 On Phonetic Similarity
8.84 On Feature versus Opposition, and Identification versus Contrast
8.85 On Neutralization, Overlap, Archiphoneme, Intersection, and Related Matters
8.86 On Emic Classes of Phonemes
8.87 On the Relation of Grammar to Phonemic Analysis
9. Higher-Layered Units of the Manifestation Mode of the Uttereme (Including the Syllable, Stress Group, and Juncture)
9.1 Hyperphonemes
9.2 The Emic Syllable
9.21 Definition of the Emic Syllable
9.22 The Feature Mode of the Emic Syllable
9.23 The Manifestation Mode of the Emic Syllable
9.24 The Distribution Mode of the Emic Syllable
9.25 The Etics of Syllable Structure
9.3 The Emic Stress Group
9.31 The Feature Mode of the Emic Stress Group
9.32 The Manifestation Mode of the Emic Stress Group
9.33 The Distribution Mode of the Emic Stress Group
9.4 The Emic Pause Group
9.5 Further Hyperphonemes
9.6 The Possibility of Contrastive-Identificational Features of Hyperphonemes as Themselves Emes
9.61 Juncture and Peak Emes: Solution A
9.62 Terminal and Peak Emes: Solution B
9.63 Contrastive-Identificational Features of Hyperphonemes: Solution C
9.7 Bibliographical Comments on Chapter 9
9.71 On Pyramiding from Phoneme to Syllable versus to Morpheme
9.72 On the Nature of the Syllable
9.73 On the Structure of the Syllable
9.74 On the Nature of the Stress Group and Juncture
9.75 On Breath Groups and Pauses
9.76 On the Possibility of Languages without Syllables or Stress Groups– or Vowels
10. Higher-Layered Units of the Feature Mode of the Uttereme
10.1 Hypermorpheme Definition and Types
10.2 The Feature Mode of the Hypermorpheme
10.3 The Manifestation Mode of the Hypermorpheme
10.4 The Distribution Mode of the Hypermorpheme
10.5 Bibliographical Comments on Chapter 10
10.51 On Phonological Characteristics of Hypermorphemes
10.52 On Hypermorphemic Meanings
11. Higher-Layered Units of the Distribution Mode of the Syntagmeme
11.1 The Term OC-Hypertagmeme Tentatively Applied to Obligatorily- Complex Units
11.11 Definition of Tentative Obligatorily-Complex Hypertagmeme
11.12 Disadvantages and Advantages of the Definition of OC-Hypertagmeme as Obligatorily Complex
11.13 An Obligatorily-Complex Structure Re-Analyzed as a Special Kind of Emic Class of Hypermorphemes
11.2 The Terms RL-Hypertagmeme and RL-Tagmeme Tentatively Applied Relativistically to Levels of Focus
11.21 Definition of Relativistic RL-Tagmeme and RL-Hypertagmeme
11.22 Levels of Structure
11.23 Advantages and Disadvantages of a Relativistic RL-Hypertagmeme
11.3 The Terms AL-Hypertagmeme and AL-Tagmeme Tentatively Applied in Reference to Levels as Absolute
11.31 Advantages of the AL-Hypertagmeme
11.32 Disadvantages of the AL-Hypertagmeme
11.4 The Term Hypertagmeme (or SC-Hypertagmeme) Applied to Slot- Plus-Class Correlative on Nonminimum Levels of Structure
11.41 Implications of Reworking the Hypertagmeme into a Slot-Plus- Class Correlative in Reference to Levels
11.42 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Hypertagmeme as Slot- Plus-Class Correlative on Higher Levels
11.43 Illustrations of Hypermorpheme Constructions (Syntagmemes) and of Slot-Plus-Class Hypertagmemes
11.44 Trimodal Structuring of Hypertagmeme as Slot-Plus-Class Correlative
11.5 Etics and Emics of Hypertagmemes and of Hypermorpheme Types
11.51 Segmentation of Hypertagmemes and of Hypermorpheme Structures
11.52 Etics of Hypertagmemes and of Syntagmemes
11.53 Summary of Relation of Hypertagmas to Hypertagmemes and of Etic to Emic Classes of Hypermorphemes
11.6 Tagmemic System in Reference to Kernel Matrix and Transforms
11.7 Bibliographical Comments on Chapter 11
11.71 On Hierarchical versus Combinatorial Grammar
11.72 On Emic Levels of Grammatical Structure
11.73 On Parts of Speech
11.74 On Tagmemes née Gramemes
11.75 On Discovery versus Presentation
11.76 On Transform Grammar and Tagmemics
11.77 On Halliday’s Prosodie Approach to Grammar
12. Trimodal Restrictions on Setting up Emic Units
12.1 Restrictions Imposed by the Trimodal View of Language as Particle, Wave, and Field
12.2 The Restriction Imposed by the Retention of Simultaneous Modes
12.3 “Spectrum” Restrictions on Emic Progression
12.4 Restrictions in Solving for Modal Components
12.5 Modifications Imposed by a Model which Includes Phonotagmemes
13. Mode-Like Emic Units and Systems
13.1 Background of the Suprasegmental Problem
13.2 Segmental Phonemes as Analogous to the Manifestation Mode
13.3 Suprasegmental Phonemes as Analogous to the Feature Mode
13.4 Subsegmental Phonemes (Voice Quality) as Analogous to the Distribution Mode
13.5 Componential Systems of Mode-Like Emic Units
13.6 Larger but Incomplete Modal Analogies
13.7 Overlapping Hierarchies of Mode-Like Emic Units
13.8 Bibliographical Comments on Chapter 13
13.81 On Voice Quality, La Langue and La Parole
13.82 On Suprasegmental Phonemes
13.83 On Intonation
13.84 On Tone
13.85 On Communication with Abstracted Components
14. Fused Units
14.1 The Item-and-Arrangement (Particle) and Item-and-Process (Wave) Views of Sequence
14.11 The Modal Analogy
14.12 Summary of Some Fusion Types
14.2 Distortion Introduced by Arbitrary Cuts and by Reconstructed Bases
14.3 The Hyper-Unit (Field) View of Sequence
14.4 Distortion Introduced by Incomplete Segmentation
14.5 Bibliographical Comments on Chapter 14
14.51 On Item-and-Arrangement versus Item-and-Process
14.52 On Arbitrary Cuts and Hyper-Units
14.53 On Zero
15. Interlocking Hierarchies and Systems
15.1 Interlocking Between Hierarchies
15.11 Interlocking Between the Lexical and Phonological Hierarchies
15.12 Interlocking Between the Phonological and Grammatical Hierarchies
15.13 Interlocking Between the Lexical and Grammatical Hierarchies
15.2 Interlocking Between Systems
15.3 Bibliographical Comments on Chapter 15
15.31 On Simplicity, Elegance, and Levels of Analysis
15.32 On Mixing, Skipping, and Mashing Levels and Hierarchies
15.33 On Systems
16. Meaning
16.1 Meanings of Units of the Lexical Hierarchy
16.11 Semantic Variants of Morphemes
16.12 Central Meanings of the Hierarchy
16.13 Metaphorical Meanings of the Hierarchy
16.14 Collocational Meanings of the Hierarchy
16.15 Class Meanings within the Lexical Hierarchy
16.2 Meanings of the Phonological Hierarchy
16.3 Meanings of the Grammatical Hierarchy
16.4 Meanings of Componential Systems
16.5 Meaning of the Total Structure and Semantic Segmentation
16.6 Segmental versus Subsegmental Meanings
16.7 Hypermeanings – Concepts and Ideas
16.8 Bibliographical Comments on Chapter 16
16.81 On the Definition or Nature of Meaning
16.82 On Meaning in Relation to Structure
16.83 On Phonological Meaning
16.84 On Grammatical Meaning
16.85 On Meanings of the Lexical Hierarchy
16.86 On Concept Formation
16.87 On Subsegmental Meanings and Preverbal Mental Activity
16.88 On Translation
17. The Context of Behavior
17.1 A Society as a Whole
17.2 An S-Sentence-Type within Society
17.21 Feature Mode of the Football S-Syntagmeme
17.22 Manifestation Mode of the Football S-Syntagmeme
17.23 Distribution Mode of Football S-Syntagmeme
17.3 An S-Syllable within Society (the Family)
17.4 The Individual
17.5 Things
17.6 The Struggle to Understand
17.7 Bibliographical Comments on Chapter 17
17.71 On the “Grammar” of Society
17.72 On Society Requisites
17.73 On Role as S-Tagmemic
17.74 On Personality and the Individual
17.75 On Things
References
Index