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Bronze Age cultures in Central and Eastern Europe
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Table of contents
- FOREWORD
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- ABBREVIATIONS OF SERIAL PUBLICATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS
- TRANSLITERATION
- INTRODUCTION
- PART I: STUDY IN CHRONOLOGY
- INTRODUCTION
- I. EARLY BRONZE AGE, CA. 1800 B.C.āCA. 1450 B.C
- A. Early Bronze Age from ca. 1800 B.C.āca. 1650 B.C
- 1. Commercial relations between eastern central Europe and the Near East
- 2. Roughly coeval assemblages in central and eastern Europe as shown by widely distributed classes of artifacts
- 3. Conclusions
- B. Early Bronze Age from ca. 1650 B.C.āca. 1450 B.C
- 1. Amber trade between the Baltic Sea, central Europe, Greece, and the Caucasus
- 2. FaĆÆence beads in central and eastern Europe
- 3. Gold trade
- 4. Mycenaean-Minoan influences on central Europe
- 5. Mycenaean influences in the northern Pontic area and the commercial relations between the Black Sea, the Caucasus, and the Near East
- 6. Conclusions
- II. MIDDLE BRONZE AGE, CA. 1450 B.C.āCA. 1250 B.C
- A. Relations between central Europe and the Mycenaean culture of the Late Helladic III A period
- 1. The wide distribution of central European bronzes in connection with the influence and expansion of the āTumulus peopleā ca. 1450 B.C.āca. 1325/1300 B.C
- 2. The period of differentiation typified by regional bronze forms, ca. 1325/1300āca. 1250 B.C.; late Tumulus phase
- B. Commercial relations between the Aegean and northern Pontic area, the Caucasus, and the Near East
- 1. Amber trade with the Near East and the Caucasus. A figurine of the Hittite thunder or lightning god in Lithuania
- 2. Aegean double-axes northwest of the Black Sea
- 3. Aegean (Late Helladic III A) relations with the Caucasus
- 4. Near Eastern, Caucasian, and northern Pontic relations
- C. Commercial relations between central, southern, and eastern Russia, Siberia, and China
- 1. The Sejma assemblage in eastern central Russia and its affinities
- 2. The Pokrovsk assemblage of the Timber-grave culture and its affinities
- 3. The Abashevo assemblage of finds between central Russia and the southern Urals and its affinities
- 4. The Galich hoard of northern Russia
- 5. Conclusions
- III. LATE BRONZE AGE, CA. 1250 B.C.āCA. 750 B.C
- A. Late Bronze Age contemporary with the Final Late Helladic period in Greece
- 1. Parallels between central Europe and Greece during the end of the Late Helladic III B and III C periods
- 2. The western Ukrainian-Moldavian and northern Caucasian assemblages of finds: their relationships to Transcaucasia and Iran and to eastern central Europe
- 3. Conclusions
- B. Late Bronze Age contemporary with Sub-Mycenaean, Protogeometric and Early Geometric Greece and Previllanovan and early Villanovan Italy
- 1. Urnfield III in central Europe, from the end of the twelfth century to ca. 1000 B.C
- 2. Urnfield IV in central Europe from ca. 1000ā900/850 B.C
- 3. Urnfield V in central Europe: 900/850āca. 750 B.C
- 4. Conclusions
- REFERENCES TO PART I
- PART II: CULTURAL GROUPS
- IV. THE CULTURES IN EASTERN CENTRAL EUROPE
- A. Local Survivals During the Early Bronze Age
- 1. The Pecica culture in the lower Tisza and lower Mures area
- 2. The Nagyrev and Hatvan cultures in eastern Hungary and Slovakia
- B. Cultural Groups of Kurgan Origin
- 1. The Otomani culture
- 2. The Monteoru culture in eastern Rumania
- References
- V. THE CENTRAL EUROPEAN ĆNÄTICE-TUMULUS-URNFIELD CULTURE
- 1. The ĆnÄtice Period, ca. 1800 B.C.āca. 1450 B.C
- 2. The Tumulus Period, ca. 1450āca. 1250 B.C
- 3. The Urnfield period, from ca. 1250 B.C. to the beginning of the Iron Age
- References
- VI. BALTIC CULTURE IN THE SOUTHEASTERN BALTIC AREA, EASTERN POLAND, NORTHERN VOLYNIA, BYELO-RUSSIA, AND WESTERN GREAT RUSSIA
- 1. The Baltic Corded period. Beginning of the second millennium B.C. to ca. 1700/1600 B.C
- 2. The Baltic Early Bronze Age, ca. 1700/1600āca. 1450/1400 B.C
- 3. The Baltic Middle Bronze Age or āTrzciniecā period, ca. 1450/1400 B.C.āca. 1250 B.C
- 4. The Classical Baltic Period, ca. 1250 B.C.āca. 1100 B.C
- 5. The Late Baltic Bronze Age, ca. 1100 B.C.āca. 750 B.C
- 6. The Late Bronze Age in the land of the eastern Baits
- References
- VII. THE NORTH CARPATHIAN CULTURE
- 1. The beginnings of the North Carpathian Kurgan culture
- 2. The Early Bronze Age, or the Bilopotok period, ca. 1800 B.C.āca. 1450/1400 B.C
- 3. The Middle Bronze Age or Komarov period, ca. 1450/1400 B.C.āca. 1250 B.C
- 4. The Late Bronze Age, ca. 1250 B.C. to the 8th century B.C
- References
- VIII. THE NORTH PONTIC OR CIMMERIAN CULTURE
- A. General characteristics
- B. Chronological classification
- 1. The Catacomb-grave period, ca. 2000āca. 1800/1750 B.C
- 2. The Post Catacomb-grave period
- C. Were the North Pontic people the historical Cimmerians?
- References
- X. THE PROTO-SCYTHIAN TIMBER-GRAVE CULTURE IN THE LOWER VOLGA BASIN AND ITS WESTWARD EXPANSION
- A. General characteristics
- B. Habitation sites and economy
- C. Art, burial rites, and other observations connected with religion and social structure
- D. Chronological classification
- 1. The Early Timber-grave culture or Poltavka period, ca. 2000āca. 1800 B.C
- 2. The Classical Timber-grave culture, ca. 1800 B.C.āca. 1100 B.C
- 3. The Late Timber-grave culture, ca. 1100 B.C.āca. 800 B.C
- 4. Westward expansion of late Timber-grave people
- E. Were the Timber-grave people the Proto-Scythians?
- References
- X. THE FATāJANOVO BLOC IN CENTRAL RUSSIA: THE FATāJANOVO PROPER, BALANOVO AND ABASHEVO COMPLEXES
- 1. The Early Bronze Age, ca. 1800 B.C.āca. 1450 B.C
- 2. The Middle Bronze Age, ca. 1450 B.C.āca. 1250 B.C
- References
- XI. THE TURBINO CULTURE IN EASTERN RUSSIA AND NORTHWESTERN SIBERIA
- A. Distribution and discovery
- B. Settlement pattern and economy
- C. Burial rites, religion, and art
- D. Physical type
- E. Chronological classification
- 1. Early Turbino, ca. 2000 B.C.ā1500 B.C
- 2. The Classical Turbino period, ca. 1500 B.C.āca. 1100 B.C
- 3. The Late Turbino period, ca. 1100 B.C.ā900/800 B.C
- References
- XII. CULTURES IN THE NORTHEASTERN BALTIC AREA AND NORTHWESTERN RUSSIA
- 1. The Textile Pottery group
- 2. The Asbestos ware in eastern Finland, northern Karelia, and northern Russia
- 3. The Kiukais group in southwestern Finland
- 4. The Stone-Barrow culture of the Late Bronze Age in western Finland and Estonia
- References
- INDEX OF PLACE AND PERSONAL NAMES, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AND CULTURES
- PLATES