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P2OG: A LONG HISTORY OF FALSE-FLAG TERRORISM
El Paraâs Kidnapping of 32 European Tourists
At 5.34 a.m. Baghdad time on 20 March 2003, the US commenced its military invasion of Iraq. In the preceding few weeks, 32 European tourists, in seven separate parties, had disappeared in one of the most remote corners of Algeriaâs Saharan desert. The two events were not entirely unrelated.
The region where the tourists disappeared, known as the Piste des Tombeaux (Graveyard Piste) because of the numerous prehistoric tombs scattered along its way, became the Saharaâs Bermuda Triangle: the tourists had disappeared into thin air. For weeks, there were no clear leads on what had happened to them. Rumours and theories abounded. Gradually, however, the evidence, such as it was, pointed towards their having been taken hostage by Islamic extremists belonging to Algeriaâs Groupe Salafiste pour le PrĂ©dication et le Combat (GSPC), renamed al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) in 2007. The leader of the kidnappers was Abderrazak Lamari. Sometimes known as Amari Saifi, or a dozen other aliases, he was usually referred to by his nom de guerre, El Para, a name derived from his time as a parachutist in the Algerian army.
The hostages were held in two groups. One group of 17 was released on 13 May after an Algerian army assault on the kidnappersâ hideout in Gharis, an isolated range in southern Algeriaâs mountainous region of Ahaggar. The 15 members of the other group had been held captive in Tamelrik, part of another range on the northern edge of Ahaggar some 300 kilometres to the east of Gharis. After the release of the first group, those who had been held in Tamelrik were taken on a tortuous, weaving journey by their captors, estimated at some 3,000 kilometres, to the remote desert regions of northern Mali where they were finally released on 18 August after the alleged payment of a âŹ5 million ransom.
Even before this second group of hostages had been released, the Bush administration had branded El Para as Osama bin Ladenâs âman in the Saharaâ and identified the Sahara as a new front in its âGlobal War on Terrorâ (GWOT). After four months in Mali, El Para and his 60 or so terrorists, who had recruited about 15 helpers while in Mali, were driven out of their desert retreats somewhere in the region to the north of Timbuktu and around the Adrar-n-Iforas mountains of north-eastern Mali and reportedly chased by a combination of Malian, Nigerien and Algerian forces, assisted by US Special Forces and aerial reconnaissance, across the desert tracts of north-eastern Mali, the AĂŻr mountains and TĂ©nĂ©rĂ© desert of northern Niger and on into the Tibesti mountains of northern Chad. There, in the first week of March 2004, forces of the Chadian regular army, supported by US aerial reconnaissance, were said to have surrounded them. Forty-three of El Paraâs men were reportedly killed in the ensuing battle, with El Para and a handful of followers escaping the carnage, only to fall into the hands of Chadian rebels.
With El Para holed up in Chad, Washington was not short of hyperbole, imagination or downright lies in portraying this new terrorist threat as having spread right across the wastelands of the Sahel, as the southern âshoreâ of the Sahara is known in Arabic, from Mauritania in the west, through the little known desert lands of Mali, Niger and southern Algeria, to the Tibesti mountains of Chad, with, beyond them, the Sudan, Somalia and, across the waters, the âTalibanisedâ lands of Afghanistan and the debacle that was Iraq.
Whether the âEl Para storyâ was real or fabricated, the Generals of the USâs European Command (EUCOM), based in Stuttgart but charged with responsibility for most of Africa, were quick to seize the opportunities presented by this new threat. Marine Corps General James (Jim) Jones, Supreme Allied Commander, Europe (SACEUR), the Commander of EUCOM and from January 2009 until November 2010 President Obamaâs National Security Advisor (NSA), talked enthusiastically about constructing a âfamily of basesâ across Africa. His Deputy Commander, with responsibility for Africa, the gung-ho Air Force General Charles Wald, described the Sahara as a âswamp of terrorâ, a âterrorist infestationâ which âwe need to drainâ.1 Back at the White House, press officers described the Sahara as âa magnet for terroristsâ. Within proverbial minutes of El Paraâs flight across the Sahel becoming public knowledge, Western intelligence and diplomatic sources were claiming to be finding the fingerprints of this new terrorist threat everywhere. For instance, it took only a few days after the Madrid train bombings for that atrocity to be linked to al-Qaeda groups lurking deep in the Sahara.2 Western intelligence-security services warned that al-Qaeda bases hidden deep in the worldâs largest desert could launch terrorist attacks on Europe.
The USâs military commanders went out of their way to alert Europe to the threat of terrorist activity from North Africa. They pointed explicitly to the bombing of a synagogue in Tunisia in 2002, suicide bombings in Casablanca that had killed 33 innocent civilians and wounded more than 100 in May 2003, the arrest of al-Qaeda suspects in Morocco and the abduction of the 32 tourists in Algeria. They warned of terrorists from Afghanistan and Pakistan swarming across the vast ungoverned and desolate regions of the Sahara desert, as they described them, and turning the region, Europeâs back door, into another Afghanistan. The GSPC, so the US warned, had already emerged in Europe as an al-Qaeda recruiting organisation and in North Africa it sought nothing less than the overthrow of the Algerian and Mauritanian governments.
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The Dark Sahara
I was in the Ahaggar region of the Algerian Sahara when the 32 tourists were abducted, as well as for much of the time that they were held in captivity. I was also in the region when El Para and his men were reportedly being chased across the Sahel. Neither I nor many of the local Tuareg peoples, with whom I was living at the time, recognised the literally terrifying image of the Sahara that the Bush administration and its military commanders were portraying to the world.
I was able to record and document almost all that happened in these regions of the Sahara and Sahel at that time. The Dark Sahara,3 the prequel to this volume, recounts in detail what happened to the 32 hostages and how both I and my Tuareg companions became increasingly suspicious and aware of the role played in the kidnapping by Algeriaâs mukhabarat (police state), especially the âdirty tricksâ department of its intelligence and security service, the DĂ©partement du Renseignement et de la SĂ©curitĂ© (DRS). As the evidence documented in The Dark Sahara makes abundantly clear, the operation simply could not have been undertaken without the facilitation of the DRS.
Indeed, as François GĂšze and Salima Mellah of Algeria-Watch, Algeriaâs respected human rights organisation, concluded:
We have undertaken an in depth enquiry into the affair of the European hostages in the Sahara. A close study of the facts shows that there is no other explanation for this operation than the directing of the hostage-taking by the DRS, the Algerian armyâs secret service.4
As this volume reveals, with the passage of time, further evidence of the DRSâs fabrication and orchestration of terrorism in the Sahara and Sahel regions has come to light.
The evidence my Tuareg companions and I gathered at that time, which is documented in The Dark Sahara, indicated that El Para was not merely a DRS agent, but perhaps also a US Green Beret trained at Fort Bragg in the 1990s. Indeed, The Dark Sahara pointed overwhelmingly to collusion between the US and Algeriaâs DRS in the 2003 abduction of the 32 tourists, thus providing the Bush administration with its justification for its launch of a Sahara-Sahelian front, or what became known as a âsecond frontâ in the GWOT in Africa.
However, although the evidence of US-Algerian collusion in the fabrication of terrorism presented in The Dark Sahara was strong, it lacked, as some critics pointed out, the âsmoking gunâ. It is difficult, indeed, sometime almost impossible, to âprove a negativeâ. In the case of the alleged chase of El Paraâs group of âterroristsâ into Chad in March 2004 and the battle at Wour in which 43 were allegedly killed, the only evidence that the battle took place is that the US military said it happened. No evidence has ever been provided by the US to actually confirm that the battle took place and that 43 GSPC terrorists were killed. Given Washingtonâs long and extensively documented record of support for state terrorism on almost every continent, along with the US governmentâs brazen record of dissembling and downright lying, Washingtonâs word that something happened is certainly not âproofâ. Nor is it likely that Donald Rumsfeldâs Department would have left a written confession of its activities in the region. Indeed, as this volume spells out, the US has continued to collaborate with Algeriaâs DRS in the fabrication and orchestration of terrorist activities in the region.
Proactive, Preemptive Operations Group (P2OG)
What I should have documented in The Dark Sahara, but did not, simply because I was unaware of it until after the book had gone to press, was how the El Para operation fitted into the USâs long history of supporting state terrorists (and dictators) and creating false-flag incidents to justify military intervention. There is, in fact, a direct link between El Paraâs operation in the Sahara and the US Secretary of Defense, Donald Rumsfeld, in the form of a plan which was put into operation under Rumsfeldâs direction in the third quarter of 2002. That is not to credit Rumsfeld with any great novelty for the plan. The precursor of the plan that was put into operation with El Para in 2003 had actually been conceived by the Joint Chiefs of Staff precisely 40 years earlier. Its origin stemmed directly from the USâs âBay of Pigsâ disaster in 1961, when a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)-trained force of Cuban exiles, with the support of US government armed forces, attempted unsuccessfully to invade Cuba and overthrow the government of Fidel Castro. The invading force, which landed at the Bay of Pigs, was all but wiped out by Castroâs forces within three days.
In the wake of the Bay of Pigs disaster, the Department of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff, under the Chairmanship of General Lyman Lemnitzer, drew up plans, codenamed âOperation Northwoodsâ, to justify a US military invasion of Cuba. The plan, described as âthe most corrupt plan ever created by the US governmentâ,5 was written with the approval of the Chairman and every member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and presented to President John Kennedyâs Defense Secretary, Robert McNamara, on 13 March 1962. Entitled âJustification for US Military Intervention in Cuba (TS [top secret])â,6 Operation Northwoods proposed launching a secret and bloody war of terrorism against their own country in order to trick the American public into supporting an ill-conceived war that the Joint Chiefs of Staff intended to launch against Cuba. It called on the CIA and other operatives to undertake a range of atrocities:
Innocent civilians were to be shot on American streets; boats carrying refugees fleeing Cuba were to be sunk on the high seas; a wave of violent terrorism was to be launched in Washington, D.C., Miami, and elsewhere. People would be framed for bombings they did not commit; planes would be hijacked. Using phony evidence, all of it would be blamed on Castro, thus giving Lemnitzer and his cabal the excuse, as well as the public and international backing, they needed to launch their war against Fidel Castroâs Cuba.7
The plan was ultimately rejected by President Kennedy. Operation Northwoods remained âclassifiedâ and unknown to the American public until declassified and disclosed by the National Security Archive and the investigative journalist James Bamford in April 2001.8 In 2002, 40 years after the Northwoods plan was presented to Robert McNamara, a not dissimilar plan was presented to Donald Rumsfeld by his Defense Science Board (DSB).9 Excerpts of the DSBâs âSummer Study on Special Operations and Joint Forces in Support of Countering Terrorismâ were revealed on 16 August 2002,10 with Pamela Hess,11 William Arkin12 and David Isenberg,13 amongst others, publishing further details and analysis of the plan. The DSB recommended the creation of a âProactive, Preemptive Operations Groupâ, a covert organisation which would carry out secret missions to âstimulate reactionsâ among terrorist groups by provoking them into undertaking violent acts that would expose them to âcounterattackâ by US forces, along with other operations which, through the US military penetration of terrorist groups and the recruitment of local peoples, would dupe them into conducting âcombat operations, or even terrorist activitiesâ.14
The existence of the Proactive, Preemptive Operations Group, or P2OG as it became known, raises huge questions about all terrorist actions since 2002. In short, how many terrorist incidents, such as the Madrid and London bombings in March 2004 and July 2005 respectively, as well as the GWOTâs Sahara-Sahel front, were perhaps linked either directly or indirectly to this programme? We do not know, although Andrew Cockburnâs15 and Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmedâs16 investigations, in 2008 and 2009 respectively, indicate that the GWOT may not be as straightforward as the US and other Western countries would like their publics to believe. For example, in May 2008, George Bush was reported to have signed a secret finding authorising and requesting some $400 million funding for terrorist groups across much of the Middle EastâAfghanistan region in a covert offensive directed ultimately against the Iranian regime. An initial outlay of $300 million was approved by Congress with bipartisan support.17
One of the most detailed investigations into contemporary terrorism is that undertaken by Nafeez Ahmed, the author of such in-depth investigations as The War on Freedom,18 Behind the War on Terror,19 The War on Truth20 and the The London Bombings.21 In Nafeez Ahmedâs recent investigation of false-flag operations,22 he states that the US investigative journalist Seymour Hersh23 was told by a Pentagon advisor that the Algerian (El Para) operation was a pilot for the new Pentagon covert P2OG programme.
The timing of the developments between Washington and the Algerian Sahara are significant. The P2OG programme âleakâ came on 16 August 2002, 16 days after Marion E. (Spike) Bowman,24 Deputy General Counsel for the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), presented crucial evidence to the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence in regard to proposed amendments concerning the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act. Until Bowmanâs evidence, the US intelligence community was anxious about working too closely with their Algerian counterparts for fear that they would pass sensitive information to Palestinian organisations. However, Bowmanâs statement, in which he presented the background and nature of what the FBI called the âInternational Jihad Movementâ, dispelled many of the anxieties in Washington about collaborating with the Algerians by showing how close Algeria was to the US in its fight against al-Qaeda and terrorism.
During the course of the next two months, false-flag terrorism incidents were planned for the Algerian Sahara. The first attempt to fabricate terrorism in the region was not El Paraâs operation in FebruaryâMarch 2003, but an attempt to hijack and abduct four Swiss tourists on 18 October 2002 near Arak in southern Algeria. However, the operation, which I described in The Dark Sahara, was botched and the tourists escaped.25
There is no âsmoking gunâ to show the US Department of Defense was involved in the Arak operation. I was in th...