Something Instead of Nothing
1 For the first twelve years of my adult life, I sustained a professional existence by asking questions to strangers and writing about what they said.
āWhy did you do it?ā I would ask these strangers. It did not matter what it was. āWhat were you thinking while you did that? Did it satisfy you? What does it mean to be satisfied? Do you consider yourself to be famous? How does it feel to be famous? How did this experience change you? What elements didnāt change? What will never change? What drives you? Are you lying to me right now? Why should I care about what you are saying? Is this all a construction? Are you constructed? Who constructed you? What was their purpose? Does God exist? Why or why not? Thank you very much. It was great meeting you in the lobby of this unnecessarily expensive hotel.ā
This has been a tremendous way to earn a living. Who wouldnāt enjoy getting paid for being curious? Journalism allows almost anyone to direct questions they would never ask of their own friends at random people; since the ensuing dialogue exists for commercial purposes, both parties accept an acceleration of intimacy. People give emotional responses, but those emotions are projections. The result (when things go well) is a dynamic, adversarial, semi-real conversation. I am at ease with this. If given a choice between interviewing someone or talking to them āfor real,ā I prefer the former; I donāt like having the social limitations of tact imposed upon my day-to-day interactions and I donāt enjoy talking to most people more than once or twice in my lifetime.
2 For the past five years, Iāve spent more time being interviewed than conducting interviews with other people. I am not complaining about this, nor am I proud of itāitās just the way things worked out, mostly by chance. But the experience has been confusing. Though I always understand why people ask me the same collection of questions, I never know why I answer them. Frankly, I donāt know why anyone answers anything. The obvious explanation is that the interviewee is hoping to promote a product or a concept (or the āconcept of themselves,ā which is its own kind of product), but thatās reductive and often untrue; once a media entity makes the decision to conduct and produce an interview with a particular somebody, the piece is going to exist regardless of how the subject responds to the queries. The interviewee can say anything, even if those sentiments contradict reality. They can deliver nothing but clichĆ©s, but the story will still run. On three occasions Iāve consciously (and blatantly) attempted to say boring things during an interview in the hope of killing the eventual article. It only worked once. But this type of behavior is rare. Most of the time, I pretend to be interesting. I try to frame my response in the context in which the question was asked, and I try to say things I havenāt said before. But I have no clue as to why I do this (or why anyone else does, either).
During the summer of 2008, I was interviewed by a Norwegian magazine writer named Erik Moller Solheim. He was good at his job. He knew a lot of trivia about Finlandās military history. We ate fried pork knees and drank Ur-Krostitzer beer. But in the middle of our playful conversation, I was suddenly paralyzed by an unspoken riddle I could not answer: Why was I responding to this manās questions? My books are not translated into Norwegian. If the journalist sent me a copy of his finished article, I could not read a word of it. I donāt even know what the publicationās name (Dagens Naeringsliv) is supposed to mean. I will likely never go to Norway, and even if I did, the fact that I was interviewed for this publication would have no impact on my time there. No one would care. The fjords would be underwhelmed.
As such, I considered the possible motives for my actions:
1. I felt I had something important to say. Except I did not. No element of our interaction felt important to me. If anything, I felt unqualified to talk about the things the reporter was asking me. I donāt have that much of an opinion about why certain Black Metal bands burn down churches.
2. Itās my job. Except that it wasnāt. I wasnāt promoting anything. In fact, the interaction could have been detrimental to my career, were I to have inadvertently said something insulting about the king of Norway. Technically, there was more downside than upside.
3. I have an unconscious, unresolved craving for attention. Except that this feels inaccurate. It was probably true twenty years ago, but those desires have waned. Besides, who gives a fuck about being famous in a country Iāll never visit? Why would that feel good to anyone? How would I even know it was happening?
4. I had nothing better to do. This is accurate, but not satisfactory.
5. Iām a nice person. Unlikely.
6. When asked a direct question, itās human nature to respond. This, I suppose, is the most likely explanation. Itās the crux of Frost/Nixon. But if this is true, why is it true? What is the psychological directive that makes an unanswered question discomfiting?
Why do people talk?
3 Why do people talk? Why do people answer the questions you ask them? Is there a unifying force that prompts people to respond?
Errol Morris1: Probably not, except possibly that people feel this need to give an account of themselves. And not just to other people, but to themselves. Just yesterday, I was being interviewed by a reporter from the New York Observer, and we were talking about whether or not people have privileged access to their own minds.
Privileged access?
EM: My mind resides somewhere inside of myself. That being the case, one would assume I have privileged access to it. In theory, I should be able to ask myself questions and get different answers than I would from other people, such as you. But Iām not sure we truly have privileged access to our own minds. I donāt think we have any idea who we are. I think weāre engaged in a constant battle to figure out who we are. I sometimes think of interviews as some oddball human relationship thatās taking place in a laboratory setting. I often feel like a primatologist.
Do you feel like you know the people that you interview? Because I feel as though I never do. It seems like a totally fake relationship.
EM: I donāt feel like I know myself, let alone the people I interview. I might actually know the people I interview better than I know myself. A friend of mine once said that you can never trust a person who doesnāt talk much, because how else do you know what theyāre thinking? Just by the act of being willing to talk about oneself, the person is revealing something about who they are.
But what is the talkerās motive? Why did you decide to talk to the New York Observer? Why are you talking to me right now?
EM: Well, okay. Letās use the example of Robert McNamara.2 Why does McNamara feel the need to talk to meāor to anyoneāat this point in his life? Because thereās a very strong human desire to do so. It might be to get approval from someone, even if that person is just me. It might even be to get a sense of condemnation from people. Maybe itās just programmed into us as people. McNamara also had this weird āapproach-avoidanceā thing: He agreed to do the interview because he assumed I was part of the promotion of his [then new] book.3 I called him around the same time his book was coming out, and he thought it was just part of that whole deal. When he realized it was not, he became apprehensive and said he didnāt think he was going to do it. But then he did, and it went on for well over a year. In fact, I continued to interview him for a long time after that movie was finished, just because I found it very interesting.
But why did McNamara keep talking?
EM: He said he enjoyed talking to me. That was his explanation.
2A While working for newspapers during the 1990s, I imagined that being interviewed by other reporters would be fun. I assumed answering questions would be easier than asking them. This proved completely untrue. The process of being interviewed is much more stressful than the process of interrogating someone. If you make a mistake while youāre interviewing someone else, there is no penalty (beyond the fact that it will be harder to write a complete story). But if you make a mistake while being interviewedāif you admit something youād prefer to keep secret, or if you flippantly answer a legitimately serious question, or if you thoughtlessly disparage a peer you barely know, or if you answer the phone while on drugsāthat mistake will inevitably become the focus of whatever is written. As a reporter, you live for those anecdotal mistakes. Mistakes are how you isolate hidden truths. But as a person, anecdotal mistakes define the experience of being misunderstood; anecdotal mistakes are used to make metaphors that explain the motives of a person who is sort of like you, but not really.
4 āThe people who come on This American Life have often never heard of our show, or have never even heard of NPR, so they have no idea what the conversation is going to be. Itās very abstract. And weāre on the frontier of doing journalism thatās so personal, no normal journalist would even consider it. Thatās part of it. Itās hard to resist whenever someone really wants to listen to you. Thatās a very rare thing in most of our lives. Iām a pretty talky person who deals with lots of sensitive people every single day, but if someone really listens to me and cares about what I say for ten minutes in the course of a dayāthatās a lot. Some days that doesnāt happen at all.ā
[These are the words of Ira Glass, host of This American Life, the tent-pole program for most National Public Radio stations. It was later turned into a television show for Showtime. Glass has an immediately recognizable interviewing style: amicable, intellectual, nerdy, and sincere.]
āSometimes I will be talking to journalism students and they will ask how I get people to open up to me, and the answer is that Iām legitimately curious about what those people are saying. I honestly care about the stories they are telling. Thatās a force that talks to the deepest part of us. There is something that happens during therapy when the therapy session is going well: If someone is talking to a therapist about something unresolvedāsomething they donāt understandāand they suddenly start talking about it, it just flows out in this highly narrative, highly detailed form. Most people are not articulate about everything in their life, but they are articulate about the things theyāre still figuring out.ā
[What makes Glass and TAL successful is the instantaneously emotive quality of the workāthe stories told on the show are typically minor moments in peopleās lives, but they hinge on how those seemingly minor moments are transformative. The smallest human details are amplified to demonstrate realizations about what it means to feel profound things. I ask Glass why his interview subjects trust him, particularly since their stories will inevitably be used on a radio show, mostly for the entertainment of people theyāll never meet.]
āThey can tell by my questions that Iām really, really interested and really, really thinking about what theyāre saying, in a way that only happens in nature when youāre falling in love with someone. When else does that experience happen? If youāre falling in love with someone, you have conversations where youāre truly revealing yourself . . . I think small intimacy that doesnāt extend beyond a single conversation is still intimacy. Even if the basis behind that conversation is purely commercial, there can be moments of real connection with another person. In an interview, we have the apparatus of what generates intimacyāasking someone to bare himself or herself. And if youāre the person being asked the questions, and if youāre normal, itās hard not to have it work on your heart.ā
[Since Glass understands that interviewing is an inherently manipulative process, I ask what motivates him to talk whenever a reporter asks him a question.]
āI really try to do a good job for the interviewer. The first time I was ever interviewed was in the mid-nineties. It was for Chicago magazine, about the radio show. I had never been interviewed before. It was a woman reporter, and she was very experienced. But I had never been interviewed before, even though I had conducted and edited thousands of radio interviews over the previous seventeen years. I experienced the entire interview as her: She would ask me a question, and I would listen to myself giving the answer, and I would think, āThatās not going to work. Thatās not going to work. Thatās not the lead.ā I was editing my interview as I produced it. I related more to her than I did to myself. That happened for a long time. But there is a vestige in that. I want to give a good quote. I so often demand a good quote from other people, so I want to do the same for other reporters. I want to be sincere and actually answer the question Iāve been asked, and I want to say it in a way thatās sparkly and interesting. I want to get an A in the class. The whole thing is a projection.ā
[I ask Glass how much of his own self-identity is based around being good at interviewing other people. He says, āNone at all,ā but that it was when he was younger. He off handedly mentions that itās difficult to discuss his self-identity. He says his self-image is not very good. I ask him what his self-image is.]
āWell, this kind of takes us outside the realm of what you were originally asking about . . . Iām not sure if I want to talk about this, but . . . [pause] . . . People who really know me, thereās probably not a huge gap between my own self-image and their perception. I mean, I donāt think of myself as a bad person . . . I donāt know how to answer this . . . [very long pause] . . . Iām coming out of a four-year period4 where I was so overwhelmed by what I had to do that I donāt really feel like anybody anymore. I used to completely identify myself through the work I did. It completely absorbed me. But these last four years have been so frantic that Iāve barely been able to work on things that are my own. A lot of what is on the show is now completely done by other people, and itās great workābut then I have the added weird experience of getting credit for things I havenāt done. Since the TV show started and Iāve really worked two jobs nonstop for four years, Iāve kind of forgotten what I used to...