Cognitive Self Change
How Offenders Experience the World and What We Can Do About It
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Cognitive Self Change
How Offenders Experience the World and What We Can Do About It
About This Book
COGNITIVE SELF CHANGE
"The consensus amongst the leading researchers in the offender treatment area is that the comprehensive and sophisticated clinical methods the authors have derived for offender treatment are unsurpassed. Indeed, they have formed the basis for what is known as the core correctional practices for reducing anti-social behavior."
Paul Gendreau, Professor Emeritus, University of New Brunswick
"Bush and colleagues' phenomenologically based approach to offender rehabilitation is based explicitly on the stories they have collected from prisoners and probationers and is a welcome contribution to an academic literature that too often obfuscates the actual work involved in delivering help to the hardest to reach in the criminal justice system."
Shadd Maruna, Ph.D., Dean of the Rutgers School of Criminal Justice
Cognitive Self Change presents a practical guide to rehabilitation based on understanding the way individual offenders experience themselves and the world around them at the moment they offend. De-incentivizing criminal behavior and replacing it with self-empowered change are the keys to upending the traditionally antagonistic relationship between criminals and those meant to help them change. The authors, with their experience of working with offenders and implementing rehabilitation programs, have drawn together clinical and academic perspectives on the treatment of high-risk offenders, analyzing current approaches to treatment and the problems encountered in their application.
Cognitive Self Change rejects the traditional dichotomy of control versus treatment, devising instead a strategy that integrates both. Focusing on high-risk and "hard-core" offenders, not just those that are "ready to change, " they discuss why offenders offend, why they are seldom motivated to change, and why they often fail to engage in treatment. This leads to a strategy of communication that teaches offenders a set of skills they can use to change themselves, and that motivates them to do so.
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Chapter 1
The Idea of Criminal Thinking
Adler
Criminals look and speak and listen in a different way from other people. They have a private logic, a private intelligence.Criminals treat themselves as a body of exiles and do not understand how to feel at home with their fellow men. They are suffering from a wrong outlook upon the world, a wrong estimate of their own importance and the importance of other people âŚThe main features of the criminalâs personality have already been decided by the time he is four or five years old. By that time he has already made those mistakes in his estimate of himself and of the world which we see displayed in his criminal career. From then on it is easy for such a child to deceive himself and intoxicate himself with the feeling that he is neglected. He looks for evidence to prove that his reproach is true. His behavior becomes worse; he is treated with more severity; he finds a confirmation for his belief that he is thwarted and put in a back seat. Because he feels deprived, he begins to steal; he is found out and punished and now he has still more evidence that he is not loved and that other people are his enemies.Later on, the criminal turns everything which he experiences into a justification for his attitude; and if his experiences do not quite fit into his scheme, he broods on them and licks them into shape until they are more amenable. If a man has the attitude, âOther people misuse me and humiliate me,â he will find plenty of evidence to confirm him. He will be looking for such evidence, and evidence to the contrary will not be noticed (Adler, 1956: 413â414).
If you trace back the life of a criminal, you will almost always find that the trouble began in his early family experiences ⌠But it is not the environment itself that counted ⌠There is no compulsion either in environment or heredity. Children of the same family and the same environment can develop in different ways ⌠Heredity and environment contribute something to a childâs development; but we are not so much concerned with what a child brings into the world, or with the experiences he encounters, as with the way he utilizes them ⌠(Adler, 1956: 418)
Sutherland
Sykes and Matza
- denial of responsibility (âIâm a victim of circumstances beyond my controlâ);
- denial of harm (âIâm not doing real harmâ);
- denial of victim (âThey deserved what they gotâ);
- condemnation of the condemners (âYou do worse thingsâ); and
- appeal to higher loyalties (âMy friends depend on meâ).
Bandura
- moral justification (the action is portrayed as in the service of a higher moral purpose);
- euphemistic labeling (the use of language that makes the action seem more benign);
- advantageous comparison (the action is compared with worse behavior, so it appears trifling by comparison);
- displacement of responsibility (the action is portrayed as being caused by someone else);
- diffusion of responsibility (when the action requires several actors, each actor can minimize their personal responsibility);
- disregard for, or distortion of, consequences (the detrimental effects of oneâs actions are minimized or ignored);
- dehumanization (viewing the victim as less than human); and
- attribution of blame (placing blame on the victim or others).
By making self-evaluation conditional on matching personal standards, people give direction to their pursuits and create self-incentives to sustain their efforts for goal attainment. They do things that give them self-...
Table of contents
- Cover
- Title Page
- Table of Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Introduction
- Chapter 1: The Idea of Criminal Thinking
- Chapter 2: Offenders Speak their Minds
- Chapter 3: CognitiveâEmotionalâMotivational Structure
- Chapter 4: Supportive Authority and the Strategy of Choices
- Chapter 5: Cognitive Self Change
- Chapter 6: Extended Applications of Supportive Authority
- Chapter 7: How We Know
- Bibliography
- Index
- End User License Agreement