Photocatalytic Functional Materials for Environmental Remediation

Alagarsamy Pandikumar, Kandasamy Jothivenkatachalam, Alagarsamy Pandikumar, Kandasamy Jothivenkatachalam

• Publisher: Wiley
• Year: 2019
• ISBN:
  9781119529897
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Physical Sciences
• Subtopic: Condensed Matter

A comprehensive volume on photocatalytic functional materials for environmental remediation

As the need for removing large amounts of pollution and contamination in air, soil, and water grows, emerging technologies in the field of environmental remediation are of increasing importance. The use of photocatalysis—a green technology with enormous potential to resolve the issues related to environmental pollution—breaks down toxic organic compounds to mineralized products such as carbon dioxide and water. Due to their high performance, ease of fabrication, long-term stability, and low manufacturing costs, photofunctional materials constructed from nanocomposite materials hold great potential for environmental remediation.

Photocatalytic Functional Materials for Environmental Remediation examines the development of high performance photofunctional materials for the treatment of environmental pollutants.

This timely volume assembles and reviews a broad range of ideas from leading experts in fields of chemistry, physics, nanotechnology, materials science, and engineering. Precise, up-to-date chapters cover both the fundamentals and applications of photocatalytic functional materials. Semiconductor-metal nanocomposites, layered double hydroxides, metal-organic frameworks, polymer nanocomposites, and other photofunctional materials are examined in applications such as carbon dioxide reduction and organic pollutant degradation. Providing interdisciplinary focus to green technology materials for the treatment of environmental pollutants, this important work:

• Provides comprehensive coverage of various photocatalytic materials for environmental remediation useful for researchers and developers
• Encompasses both fundamental concepts and applied technology in the field
• Focuses on novel design and application of photocatalytic materials used for the removal of environmental contaminates and pollution
• Offers in-depth examination of highly topical green-technology solutions
• Presents an interdisciplinary approach to environmental remediation

Photocatalytic Functional Materials for Environmental Remediation is a vital resource for researchers, engineers, and graduate students in the multi-disciplinary areas of chemistry, physics, nanotechnology, environmental science, materials science, and engineering related to photocatalytic environmental remediation.

1
Titanium Dioxide and Carbon Nanomaterials for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Dyes

Nagamalai Vasimalai

Department of Chemistry, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science & Technology, Vandalur, Chennai, , India

Abbreviations

A

absorbance

AC

activated carbon

Ads

adsorption

AOP

advanced oxidation process

BC

brilliant blue dye

BG

brilliant green dye

C

dye concentration

CB

carbon black

cb

conduction band

CDs

carbon dots

CNFs

carbon nanofibers

CNTs

carbon nanotubes

CQDs

carbon quantum dots

DSAC

date stone‐activated carbon

ETAD

Ecological and Toxicological Association of Dyestuffs and Manufacturing Industry

eV

electron volt

GAs

graphene aerogels

GO

graphene oxide

GrF

graphite felt

h

Plank's constant

k _a

the equilibrium constant of the reactant

k _r

the specific reaction rate constant

L:TiO₂

lysozyme‐coated TiO₂ nanoparticles

LD

lethal dose

MB

methylene blue

MO

methyl orange

N‐doped CDs

nitrogen doped carbon dots

Ox

oxidation

PCNFs

porous carbon nanofibers

PHF

polyhydroxy fullerenes

PVA

polyvinyl alcohol

r

reaction rate for the oxidation of reactant

Red

reduction

RhB

rhodamine B

TiO₂@C

TiO₂@activated carbon nanocomposite

TiO₂@CF

carbon felt supported TiO₂

vb

valence band

XRD

X‐ray powder diffraction

α

alpha

β

beta

λ _em

emission wavelength

λ _ex

excitation wavelength

1.1 Introduction

The global environment is being polluted by many toxins. In particularly, water pollution is a major concern, because water is very important to all living beings and accounts for around 70–90% of their body weight. Hence, the quality of water resources will directly affect the life of humans and other living beings. Industrial development is persistently connected with the water pollution. The World Bank estimates that 17–20% of water pollution is caused by the dyeing and textile industries. India is the second largest manufacturer of dyestuffs. Globally, ~10⁶ tons of synthetic dyes are produced yearly [1]. It is estimated that worldwide annually 280 000 tons of textile dyes are disposed in the effluent of textile industries [2].

In ancient days, dyes were acquired from natural sources. For example, during the Roman empire, only ministers and kings wore purple dyed fabrics. During the middle ages, ruby‐red fabrics were reserved for the most important clergy. Most of the natural coloring agents are of inorganic origin (semiprecious stones, malachite, clays, minerals, and metal salts) or are organic dyes. Organic dyes include those of animal origin and those of plant origin.

There is a broad spectrum of different organic compounds with different physical and chemical properties. Among the different organic dyes, anthraquinone (e.g. madder root) is of special interest. Madder is a bright red‐colored traditional dyestuff. In eighteenth and nineteenth century, the red pants of Napoleon's army and British soldiers were dyed with madder [3]. Alizarin, lucidin, and other compounds are present in madder root extract, but lucidin has a mutagenic nature, which severely restricts the use of madder root [3].

Recently, the synthetic dyes have replaced the traditional natural dyes, due to their low cost and the vast range of new colors offered. In 1856, William Henry Perkin accidentally discovered the world's first synthetic dye. In the nineteenth century, 10 000 new synthetic dyes were developed [4].

Generally, the light‐absorbing functional groups in the dye molecules are called “chromophores.” Chromophores contain the hetero atoms N, O, and S, which contain non‐bonding electrons. The followings are the examples of chromophores: –N=N–, C=NH, –C=C–C=C–, =C=O, –NO₂, CH=N–, N–OH, C=S, and NO–OH groups. The electron‐acceptor groups are called “auxochromes,” and which are generally present on the opposite side of the electron‐donor molecules and their important function is to increase the color. Indeed, the common meaning of the word auxochrome is color enhancer. Some auxochromes are –NH₂, –HSO₃, –OH, and –COOH. These groups can give a higher affinity to the fibers. The “chromogen” is a part of the chromophore structure, a...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Table of Contents
• List of Contributors
• Preface
• 1 Titanium Dioxide and Carbon Nanomaterials for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Dyes
• 2 Visible Light Photocatalytic Degradation of Environmental Pollutants Using Metal Oxide Semiconductors
• 3 Contemporary Achievements of Visible Light‐Driven Nanocatalysts for the Environmental Applications
• 4 Application of Nanocomposites for Photocatalytic Removal of Dye Contaminants
• 5 Photocatalytic Active Silver Phosphate for Photoremediation of Organic Pollutants
• 6 Plasmonic Ag‐ZnO: Charge Carrier Mechanisms and Photocatalytic Applications*
• 7 Multifunctional Hybrid Materials Based on Layered Double Hydroxide towards Photocatalysis
• 8 Magnetically Separable Iron Oxide‐Based Nanocomposite Photocatalytic Materials for Environmental Remediation
• 9 Photo Functional Materials for Environmental Remediation
• 10 Graphitic Carbon Nitride‐Based Nanostructured Materials for Photocatalytic Applications
• 11 Metal–Organic Frameworks for Photocatalytic Environmental Remediation
• 12 Active Materials for Photocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide
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