Grid-Integrated and Standalone Photovoltaic Distributed Generation Systems

Analysis, Design, and Control

Bo Zhao, Caisheng Wang, Xuesong Zhang

• Publisher: Wiley
• Year: 2017
• ISBN:
  9781119187356
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Physical Sciences
• Subtopic: Energy

A practical and systematic elaboration on the analysis, design and control of grid integrated and standalone distributed photovoltaic (PV) generation systems, with Matlab and Simulink models

• Analyses control of distribution networks with high penetration of PV systems and standalone microgrids with PV systems
• Covers in detail PV accommodation techniques including energy storage, demand side management and PV output power regulation
• Features examples of real projects/systems given in OPENDSS codes and/or Matlab and Simulink models
• Provides a concise summary of up-to-date research around the word in distributed PV systems

Chapter 1
Overview

1.1 Current Status and Future Development Trends of Photovoltaic Generation around the World

With the growing `challenges in global resource depletion, global warming, and ecological deterioration, increasing attention has been given to renewable energy generation, especially to photovoltaic (PV) generation. The global market of PVs has experienced a rapid increase since 1998, with a yearly increase of 35% of the installed capacity. The total PV installed capacity was 1200 MW in 2000, and PV installations rose rapidly up to 188 GW in 2014 and is projected to be 490 GW by 2020 [1]. With the rapid development of the PV industry, the market competition is getting increasingly fierce. The investment in the PV market is being boosted in some countries and regions, like the USA, China, Japan, and Europe. By the end of 2014, the global production of PV modules was around 50 GW, in which China increased 27.2% from the previous year to 35 GW, contributing 70% of the global production [2]. The global production of PV modules is expected to reach 85 GW and maintain the momentum of rapid growth [3].

Recently, a number of countries announced their policies and plans to further promote the development of PVs [4, 5]. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published its Clean Power Plan on June 2, 2014, promising that the usage of renewable energy (including solar energy) will be doubled within 10 years. The US Department of Energy (DOE) will spend $15 million to help families, enterprises and communities develop the solar energy program [6]. The Japanese Government enacted laws, like the Renewable Energy Special Measure Law and the Renewable Portfolio Standard Law, to identify the development objectives of new energy in Japan and the responsibilities of the participating parties [7]. China has highlighted a few key and crucial demonstration projects of the PV technologies in the Outline of the National Program for Long- and Medium-Term Scientific and Technological Development (2006–2020), the National 11th Five-Year Scientific and Technological Development Plan and the Renewable Energy 12th Five-Year Plan [4–8].

It is noteworthy that the USA and Japan have both worked through the PVs “Industry Roadmap Through 2030 And Beyond.” Japan expects that the future research and development pattern of PVs could be changed from creating an initial PV market based on the government's guide to creating a mature PV market based on cooperation and work sharing among academia, industry, and government, and targets to have a total PV installation capacity of 100 GW in 2030. The USA anticipates that the development pattern of the PV industry could be changed from export led to national investment oriented, promoting the industry's significant growth by devoting on the advancement of technologies and market and expansion of the domestic demand. It is projected to install 19 GW of PVs yearly in the USA, with the expectation of a total installed capacity of 200 GW by 2030. By then the cost of the PVs will decline to $0.06/kW, and PVs will make up an important part of the electricity market and become one of the main sources of electricity.

As to the development of the PV industry in China, from the viewpoint of the current status and future trend, the estimated installed capacity was for 300 MW, 1.8 GW, 10 GW, and 100 GW in 2010, 2020, 2030, and 2050 respectively in the Medium and Long Term Development Plan of Renewable Energies (2007), which is apparently lower than actual development and lags behind the trend of the PV industry. Meanwhile, China has not proposed clear goals of the method, direction, and path for developing the critical technologies and devices that has already limited the advancement of the PV industry. In terms of the grid-connected PVs, there is a lack of complete and systematic regulations and policies for operation and management, electricity price, and system maintenance. Therefore, actively promoting the research and practical applications in the Chinese PV industry to follow the main stream of the global PV industry development will be of profound significance in the future.

At present, some developed countries (such as the USA, Germany, Australia, Japan, etc.) are leading the research and development of PV technologies. For example, Australia, represented by Professor Martin A. Green from the University of New South Wales, has made a great contribution to the development of PV cells by leading the research of single crystalline silicon solar cells in the world and proposing the concept of the third-generation PV cells [9]. The USA, the UK, Germany, Spain, Japan, and so on initiated the PV industry and applications early and have experienced rapid development. Although China's PV industry started late, it has experienced exponential growth. Especially after 2004, stimulated by the large demand from the European market, China's PV industry has boomed and saw over 100% yearly growth for five years in a row. In 2007, China became the largest producer of PV cells. China's PV production exceeded 50% of global production in 2010. China has gradually formed an orbicular chain in the PV industry, from silicon material, PV cells, to PV systems and applications [10, 11]. As shown in Table 1.1, China's PV manufacturers now take a dominant role in the world's PV production. Of the world's top 10 PV manufacturers, six are from China and all the top five are from China. Among them, the number one manufacturer Trina Solar produced 3.66 GW in 2014, closely followed by Yingli Green Energy, which yielded 3.36 GW [2].

Table 1.1 World's top 10 PV manufacturers in 2014

Manufacturer	Country	Rank	Production
			(GW)	(%)
Trina Solar	China	1	3.66	14.6
Yingli Green Energy	China	2	3.36	13.4
Canadian Solar	China	3	3.11	12.4
Jinko Solar	China	4	2.94	11.7
JA Solar	China	5	2	8.0
Sharp	Japan	5	2	8.0
Renesolar	China	7	1.97	7.8
First Solar	USA	8	1.85	7.4
Hanwha SolarOne	South Korea	9	1.45	5.8
Sunpower	USA	10	1.4	5.6

In 2014, global PV installations increased by 17%, while the total installed capacity reached 47 GW. Figure 1.1 shows the market share of the world's top 10 PV countries in 2014. The top 10 countries were China, Japan, the USA, the UK, Germany, France, South Africa, Australia, India, and Canada with a total installed capacity of 38.3 GW, which accounted for 81.5% of the global increase [12]. As an emerging market, Asia has become the preeminent PV market in the world and took 59% of the global installation in 2014. Although China will maintain its position as the largest PVs market in the world, its development has apparently slowed down recently. Japan has continued its strong growth. The USA surpassed Europe to be the second largest PVs market and took 19.3% of installations in 2014. The European PVs market kept shrinking in 2014 and took only 16.8% of new installations. Spurred by the renewable energy laws, the UK's PVs market flourished in 2014 and exceeded Germany for the first time to be the country with the most new PVs in Europe [2].

Figure 1.1 Installation percentage of the world's top 10 PV markets in 2014.

1.1.1 USA

Way back to June 26, 1997, President Clinton announced the “Million Solar Roofs Initiative,” which planned to install 1 million roof-top solar systems by 2010, including PV panels and solar thermal collectors. This initiative was driven by the trend of social development and the professionals dedicated to the research and development of PV generation. Two immediate reasons for proposing this initiative were:

• Large greenhouse gas emissions lead to global warming, which requires the reduction of the reliance on conventional energy sources. If the “Million Solar Roofs Initiative” was implemented successfully, the CO₂ emissions would be reduced by more than 3 million tons by the end of 2010.
• In the USA, the technologies of PV panels and solar thermal collectors were mature and implemented in mass production.

At present, the “Million Solar Roofs Initiative” has been carried out in some regions, such as the Civano project in Tucson, AZ. Owing to the huge potential of renewable energy resources in Hawaii, solar power has become the mainstream of the local energy supply and an important part of economic development. In 2001, the California State Government proposed the world-famous “California Solar Initiative Program,” planning to install 1 million PV systems in 10 years by investing $3.2 billion. In September 2004, the US Department of Energy published “Our Solar Power Future: The US Photovoltaics Industry Roadmap Through 2030 And Beyond,” revealing an ambitious development plan for the PV industry. In 2006, the USA passed President Bush's Solar Energy Initiative, which increased research funding to $148 million to strengthen the competiveness of the nation's PV techn...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Table of Contents
• Preface
• Chapter 1: Overview
• Chapter 2: Techniques of Distributed Photovoltaic Generation
• Chapter 3: Load Characteristics in Distribution Networks with Distributed Photovoltaic Generation
• Chapter 4: Penetration Analysis of Large-Scale Distributed Grid-Connected Photovoltaics
• Chapter 5: Power Flow Analysis for Distribution Networks with High Photovoltaic Penetration
• Chapter 6: Voltage Control for Distribution Network with High Penetration of Photovoltaics
• Chapter 7: Short-Circuit Current Analysis of Grid-Connected Distributed Photovoltaic Generation
• Chapter 8: Power Quality in Distribution Networks with Distributed Photovoltaic Generation
• Chapter 9: Techniques for Mitigating Impacts of High-Penetration Photovoltaics
• Chapter 10: Design and Implementation of Standalone Multisource Microgrids with High-Penetration Photovoltaic Generation
• Index
• End User License Agreement