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Cellulose Science and Technology
Chemistry, Analysis, and Applications
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eBook - ePub
Cellulose Science and Technology
Chemistry, Analysis, and Applications
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This book addresses both classic concepts and state-of-the-art technologies surrounding cellulose science and technology. Integrating nanoscience and applications in materials, energy, biotechnology, and more, the book appeals broadly to students and researchers in chemistry, materials, energy, and environmental science. ⢠Includes contributions from leading cellulose scientists worldwide, with five Anselm Payen Cellulose Award winners and two Hayashi Jisuke Cellulose Award winners
⢠Deals with a highly applicable and timely topic, considering the current activities in the fields of bioeconomies, biorefineries, and biomass utilization
⢠Maximizes readership by combining fundamental science and application development
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Yes, you can access Cellulose Science and Technology by Thomas Rosenau, Antje Potthast, Johannes Hell, Thomas Rosenau,Antje Potthast,Johannes Hell in PDF and/or ePUB format, as well as other popular books in Technology & Engineering & Materials Science. We have over one million books available in our catalogue for you to explore.
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1
Aminocelluloses â Polymers with Fascinating Properties and Application Potential
Thomas Heinze Thomas Elschner and Kristin Ganske
Centre of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, HumboldtstraĂe 10, Dâ07743 Jena, Germany
1.1 Introduction
Cellulose is a linear Dâglucan containing βâ1 â 4 linkages and is the world's most abundant natural polymer with an estimated annual global production of about 1.5 Ă 1012 tons and, hence, a very important renewable and sustainable resource [1]. Although unmodified cellulose is used largely as paper, board, and fibers, there is huge space to design novel and advanced products based on cellulose by its chemical modification. In particular, esters and ethers of cellulose are most important [1, 2].
Due to their lowâcost production, biodegradability, and lowâtoxicity cationized polysaccharides are promising in fields of effluent treatment, papermaking, and food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, petroleum, and textile industries, as well as in analytical chemistry and molecular biology [3]. In particular, cationic cellulose derivatives gain increasing interest in different scientific and industrial fields, e.g. as flocculation agents [4], being an alternative to toxic polyacrylamide. In Germany, the disposal of sludge treated with polyacrylamides has been forbidden in areas under cultivation since 2014 [5].
Considering the recent literature, the huge amount of publications was summarized in reviews about cationic synthetic polyelectrolytes [6] as well as cationized polysaccharides (amino and ammonium hydroxypropyl ethers) [3]. However, in this chapter, the authors will not review the cationic ethers; the overview refers to cationic esters, 6âdeoxyâ6âamino cellulose derivatives, and amino carbamates of cellulose. In spite of the industrial applications that are usually associated with cationic polymers, a variety of advanced polymer coatings providing sophisticated features, e.g. biosensors or immuno assays, will be presented.
1.2 Aminoâ/ammonium Group Containing Cellulose Esters
1.2.1 (3âCarboxypropyl)trimethylammonium Chloride Esters of Cellulose
An efficient approach to cationic cellulose derivatives is the esterification of the hydroxyl groups with cationic carboxylic acids. Activated carboxylic acids such as acyl chlorides or acid anhydrides are not appropriate due to their limited solubility, availability, and the formation of acidic byâproducts. However, the esterification applying imidazolides obtained from the corresponding carboxylic acid and N,Nâcarbonyldiimidazole (CDI) is a mild and efficient synthesis strategy [2].
To synthesize cationic cellulose esters (3âcarboxypropyl)trimethylammonium chloride was activated with CDI in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) separately and allowed to react with cellulose dissolved in N,Nâdimethylacetamide (DMA)/LiCl [7]. Thus, a product with a degree of substitution (DS) of 0.75 was accessible that could be characterized by 13C NMR spectroscopy (Figure 1.1).
Cellulose (3âcarboxypropyl)trimethylammonium chloride esters adsorbed on cellulose films may trigger the protein adsorption, which is a key parameter in the design of advanced materials for a variety of technological fields [8]. The protein affinity to the surface can be controlled by the charge density and solubility, adjusted by the pH value, the concentration of protein and the DS of the tailored cationic cellulose derivative. To understand the influence of the cationic cellulose ester on the protein affinity, the interaction capacity with fluorescenceâlabeled bovine serum albumin (BSA) at different concentrations and pH values was carried out (Figure 1.2). The adsorbed material was quantified applying QCMâD (quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring, wet mass) and MPâSPR (multiâparameter surface plasmon resonance, dry mass). Thus, the amount of coupled water in the layer could be evaluated by a combination of QCMâD and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) data. According to these studies the interaction decreases in order of pH 5 > pH 6 > pH 7 and DShigh > DSlow, respectively. The adsorption of BSA may be adjusted over a range from 0.6 to 3.9 mg mâ2 (dry mass). This approach is suitable to utilize BSA as blocking agent on the surface and achieve selective functionalization of cellulosic surfaces by functional proteins (e.g. antibodies).
Table of contents
- Cover
- Table of Contents
- Author Biography
- List of Contributors
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- 1 Aminocelluloses â Polymers with Fascinating Properties and Application Potential
- 2 Preparation of Photosensitizerâbound Cellulose Derivatives for Photocurrent Generation System
- 3 Synthesis of Cellulosic Bottlebrushes with Regioselectively Substituted Side Chains and Their Selfâassembly
- 4 Recent Progress on Oxygen Delignification of Softwood Kraft Pulp
- 5 Toward a Better Understanding of Cellulose Swelling, Dissolution, and Regeneration on the Molecular Level
- 6 Interaction of Water Molecules with Carboxyalkyl Cellulose
- 7 Analysis of the Substituent Distribution in Cellulose Ethers â Recent Contributions
- 8 Adhesive Mixtures as Sacrificial Substrates in Paper Aging
- 9 Solutionâstate NMR Analysis of Lignocellulosics in Nonderivatizing Solvents
- Chapter 10: Surface Chemistry and Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystals
- 11 Some Comments on Chiral Structures from Cellulose
- 12 Supramolecular Aspects of Native Cellulose: Fringedâfibrillar Model, Levelingâoff Degree of Polymerization and Production of Cellulose Nanocrystals
- 13 Cellulose Nanofibrils: From Hydrogels to Aerogels
- 14 Highâperformance Lignocellulosic Fibers Spun from Ionic Liquid Solution
- 15 Bioâbased Aerogels: A New Generation of Thermal Superinsulating Materials
- 16 Nanocelluloses at the OilâWater Interface: Emulsions Toward Function and Material Development
- 17 Honeycombâpatterned Cellulose as a Promising Tool to Investigate Wood Cell Wall Formation and Deformation
- Index
- End User License Agreement