Bio-Nanoparticles

Biosynthesis and Sustainable Biotechnological Implications

Om V. Singh

• Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
• Year: 2015
• Print ISBN:
  9781118677681
• eBook ISBN:
  9781118677346
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Sciences biologiques
• Subtopic: Microbiologie

Nanoparticles are the building blocks for nanotechnology; they are better built, long lasting, cleaner, safer, and smarter products for use across industries, including communications, medicine, transportation, agriculture and other industries. Controlled size, shape, composition, crystallinity, and structure-dependent properties govern the unique properties of nanotechnology.

Bio-Nanoparticles: Biosynthesis and Sustainable Biotechnological Implications explores both the basics of and advancements in nanoparticle biosynthesis. The text introduces the reader to a variety of microorganisms able to synthesize nanoparticles, provides an overview of the methodologies applied to biosynthesize nanoparticles for medical and commercial use, and gives an overview of regulations governing their use.

Authored by leaders in the field, Bio-Nanoparticles: Biosynthesis and Sustainable Biotechnological Implications bridges the gap between biology and technology, and is an invaluable resource for students and researchers alike.

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DIVERSITY OF MICROBES IN SYNTHESIS OF METAL NANOPARTICLES: PROGRESS AND LIMITATIONS

Mahendra Rai

Department of Biotechnology, SGB Amravati University, Amravati Maharashtra, India; and Institute of Chemistry, Biological Chemistry Laboratory, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil

Irena Maliszewska

Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego, Poland

Avinash Ingle, Indarchand Gupta, and Alka Yadav

Department of Biotechnology, SGB Amravati University, Amravati,Maharashtra, India

1.1. Introduction

Nanotechnology is a widely emerging field involving interdisciplinary subjects such as biology, physics, chemistry, and medicine (Bankar et al., 2010; Zhang, 2011; Rai and Ingle, 2012). Nanotechnology involves the synthesis of nanoparticles using the top-down and bottom-up approach (Kasthuri et al., 2008; Bankar et al., 2010; Nagajyothi and Lee, 2011). However, due to the growing environmental concern and the adverse effects of physical and chemical synthesis, most researchers are looking to the biological protocols for nanoparticle synthesis (Rai et al., 2008). The biological method of synthesis involves a wide diversity of biological entities that could be harnessed for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles (Sharma et al., 2009; Vaseeharan et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2011a; Gupta et al., 2012; Rajesh et al., 2012). These biological agents emerge as an environmently friendly, clean, non-toxic agent for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles (Sastry et al., 2003; Bhattacharya and Gupta, 2005; Riddin et al., 2006; Duran et al., 2007; Ingle et al., 2008; Kumar and Yadav, 2009; Vaseeharan et al., 2010; Thakkar et al., 2011; Zhang et al., 2011b; Rajesh et al., 2012).

A wide array of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, yeast, algae, and actinomycetes are majorly employed as biological agents for the synthesis process (Kumar and Yadav, 2009; Satyavathi et al., 2010). The synthesis of metal nanoparticles employs both intracellular and extracellular methods (Sharma et al., 2009; Mallikarjuna et al., 2011). Some examples of these microbial agents include bacteria (Husseiny et al., 2007; Shahverdi et al., 2007, 2009), fungi (Kumar et al., 2007; Parikh et al., 2008; Gajbhiye et al., 2009), actinomycetes (Ahmad et al., 2003al Golinska et al., 2014), lichens (Shahi and Patra, 2003), and algae (Singaravelu et al., 2007; Chakraborty et al., 2009). These diverse groups of biological agents have many advantages over physical and chemical methods such as easy and simple scale-up, easy downstream processing, simpler biomass handling and recovery, and economic viability (Rai et al., 2009a; Thakkar et al., 2011; Renugadevi and Aswini, 2012). These different biological agents such as bacteria, fungi, yeast, algae, and acitnomycetes therefore demonstrate immense biodiversity in the synthesis of nanoparticles and lead to green nanotechnology (Vaseeharan et al., 2010; Singh et al., 2011, 2013; Thakkar et al., 2011).

The present review also deals with the diversity of microbes involved in the synthesis of metal nanoparticles. The possible mechanisms and different applications for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles are also discussed.

1.2. Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Bacteria

Although it is known that bacteria have the ability to produce various inorganic nanoparticles (e.g., metal, calcium, gypsum, silicon), research in this area is usually focused on the formation of metals and metals sulfide/oxide (Fig. 1.1).

Figure 1.1. Mechanisms of microbial fabrication of nanobiominerals, catalyzed by enzymatic reductive biotransformations of redox active metals, driven by a suitable electron donor such as hydrogen. In some cases, for example transformations of Fe(III) minerals and Se(IV), redox mediators such as AQDS (anthraquinone-2,6 disulfonate) are utilized to increase the kinetics of metal reduction and hence nanobiomineral formation.

Source: Lloyd, J.R., Byrne, J.M., Coker, V.S. 2011. Biotechnological synthesis of functional nanomaterials. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 22: 509–515. Copyright © 2011, Elsevier.

Different bacteria from different habitats and nutritional modes have been studied for the synthesis of metallic nanocrystals, as summarized in Table 1.1. Some of the earliest reports on the reduction and accumulation of inorganic particles in bacteria can be traced back to the 1960s, where zinc sulfide was described in sulfate-reducing bacteria (Temple and Le-Roux, 1964). Later studies in this area date back to the 1980s, when Beveridge and Murray (1980) described how the incubation of gold chloride with Bacillus subtilis resulted in the production of octahedral gold nanoparticles with a dimension of 5–25 nm within the bacterial cell. It is believed that organophosphate compounds secreted by the bacterium play an important role in the formation of these nanostructures (Southam and Beveridge, 1996). Another example of bacterial reduction and precipitation of gold was described by Kashefi and co-workers (2001). These authors demonstrated that iron-reducing anaerobic bacteria Shewanella algae can reduce gold ions in the presence of H₂ gas, which results in the formation of 10–20 nm gold nanoparticles. It was further hypothesized that specific hydrogenase might be involved in the reduction of gold ions when hydrogen was used as an electron donor.

Table 1.1. List of different metallic nanoparticles synthesized by bacteria

...

Metallic material	Bacteria (reference)

Table of contents

• COVER
• TITLE PAGE
• TABLE OF CONTENTS
• LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
• INTRODUCTION
• 1 DIVERSITY OF MICROBES IN SYNTHESIS OF METAL NANOPARTICLES: PROGRESS AND LIMITATIONS
• 2 ROLE OF FUNGI TOWARD SYNTHESIS OF NANO-OXIDES
• 3 MICROBIAL MOLECULAR MECHANISMS IN BIOSYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES
• 4 BIOFILMS IN BIO-NANOTECHNOLOGY: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
• 5 EXTREMOPHILES AND BIOSYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES: CURRENT AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
• 6 BIOSYNTHESIS OF SIZE-CONTROLLED METAL AND METAL OXIDE NANOPARTICLES BY BACTERIA
• 7 METHODS OF NANOPARTICLE BIOSYNTHESIS FOR MEDICAL AND COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS
• 8 MICROBIAL SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES: AN OVERVIEW
• 9 MICROBIAL DIVERSITY OF NANOPARTICLE BIOSYNTHESIS
• 10 SUSTAINABLE SYNTHESIS OF PALLADIUM(0) NANOCATALYSTS AND THEIR POTENTIAL FOR ORGANOHALOGEN COMPOUNDS DETOXIFICATION
• 11 ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSING OF Zn CONTAINING WASTES AND GENERATION OF NANOSIZED VALUE-ADDED PRODUCTS
• 12 INTERACTION BETWEEN NANOPARTICLES AND PLANTS: INCREASING EVIDENCE OF PHYTOTOXICITY
• 13 CYTOTOXICOLOGY OF NANOCOMPOSITES
• 14 NANOTECHNOLOGY: OVERVIEW OF REGULATIONS AND IMPLEMENTATIONS
• NAME INDEX
• SUBJECT INDEX
• END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT